American Romanticism Whitman, Dickinson, and Emerson Flashcard

American Romanticism: Whitman, Dickinson, and Emerson

Rising Tuition essays

Rising Tuition essays Many parents can remember a time when they could easily work their way through university with a decent summer job. Student loans were available to make up for any shortfall, and they came with generous grants. Paying those student loans off when they finished school was easier then, simply because the amounts were not nearly as large as they are today. Too many of todays parents with young children have been lulled into a false sense of security by counting on their own generations experience; false because significant changes have taken place over the last decade. Tuition fees have risen dramatically, out-pacing inflation, as government funding has drastically been cut back. The cap has been taken off many professional degree programs and the universities can now charge what the market will bear. The cost of a typical four-year university education in Ontario has more than doubled in the last ten years. In addition, new fees have been implemented through students union, athletic and health service costs, plus the introduction of new registration, stu dent services or undergraduates fees. As a result, student debt loads have been spiralling, doubling over the last decade, and enrolment rates of young people from lower socio-economic groups are rising far slower than middle and upper groups. Continued public under-funding is eroding the accessibility and equality at post-secondary institutions in Ontario. The failure of both levels of government to adequately invest in post-secondary education holds dire consequences for Ontarios, and Canadas, economic and social future. Governments must recognize the renewed public investment in post-secondary education is an economic and social imperative. The Conservative government in Ontario has slashed post-secondary education funding and jacked up tuition fees, limiting access to colleges and universities at a time when many employers demand a post secondary d...

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Land Law - Essay Example Type your answer to the question using the standard template ensuring you comply with the page limit set in the module handbook for that piece of work. You need to enter your name into the header on the coursework template. Ensure footnotes appear at the bottom of the page end notes are not an acceptable alternative. DO NOT change any of the settings (paper size, font, font size, spacing or margins), write within the margins nor change any existing wording within the header. DO NOT cut and paste on to the template from another document. Type your answer directly onto the template. Please note that ANY infringement of the template will result in a maximum mark of 40% being awarded. Also be aware of the penalties for late submission of coursework. (Details are found within the LLB Student Handbook). Paper Size: A4 Font: Ariel 10 Top and Bottom margins: 2.54cm Header and Footer: 1.27cm Left and Right margins: 3.17cm The margin settings can be checked before printing by clicking on page layout in the Windows tool bar and then clicking on the ‘margins’ icon (within the dialogue box that opens click on ‘layout’ to check the header and footer margins). The font size can be checked under ‘home’ on the word tool bar. ... I also certify that I have checked the settings of my work before submission to ensure that I have complied with the template instructions. If this is untrue I acknowledge that I will have committed an assessment offence. Signature: (Enter the title of the coursework here or, if you have been set a long problem question which does not fit within this space, simply attach a copy of the question at this point) The duties and obligations and other matters that relate to relationships between landlords and tenants in the UK is primarily governed by the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995. This law became effective on 1 January 1995, which means that leasehold contracts entered into before it, are governed by common laws and other statutes in effect at that time. There are significant amendments introduced by the law, among which, is the release of a lessee from the contract once the contract is assigned to another. An author calls this a â€Å"mortal blow to the principle of privit y contract† in leasehold contracts.1 The problems discussed in the preceding pages are based on a leasehold contract entered prior to 1996 act but involves a freehold purchase after 1996. A couple of problems involved easements, which calls for the application of the relatively new Land Registration Act 2002. The last one tackles adverse possession, also governed by LRA 2002 and the Limitation Act 1980. 1.0 Richard A. Repairs The leasehold covenant between Meryl, the original landlord and Richard, the original leaseholder, was entered into prior to 1996, which was before the effectivity of the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995. Thus, Meryl and Richard’s leasehold covenant is

Study on the Internet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Study on the Internet - Assignment Example PhD is most likely a level that a researcher must examine any subject of choice in details, for a number of years in his or her course. In this sense, it was decided to study the matter of sample size in PhD studies’ context. The two major concerns of this study were to find out the number of participants who make use of qualitative interviews in their PhD studies, and if this numbers differ depending on the procedural approach. The method of the study A PhD database content analysis was carried out on the â€Å"Index To Theses: A comprehensive listing of theses with abstracts accepted for higher degrees by universities in Great Britain and Ireland since 1716†. This research was performed between the third of August, and twenty forth of August, 2009 (Mason, 2010). In the collection, 532,646 abstracts were used to discover PhD studies, indicating that they had utilized qualitative interviews to collect information. To find out any dissimilarity between diverse research t echniques, a classification of 26 varying qualitative research techniques from different disciplines were used. The methodological traditions were classified into four groups, namely: discovery of regularities, reflection, language characteristics, and comprehension of action or text meaning (Gravetter & Forzano, 2011). The researchers used a â€Å"standard search† with a number of parameters applied: if â€Å"any field† entailed â€Å"insert methodology†; if â€Å"any field† entailed interviews†; and if â€Å"Degrees† entailed PhD. The study looked solely at the use of individual to individual personal interviewing, meaning that focus groups were excluded from this analysis. The outstanding studies were collected using samples. A search on the abstracts was carried out and the following details were recorded on each: category of qualitative research; the methods used; and the number of interviewees who participated (Mason, 2010). Findings Th e findings by the authors indicated that in general, the range of the participant numbers used was between 95 and 1. Of the 560 studies examined, the mean and median were 31 and 28 respectively, perhaps suggesting that the central dispersion measures were consistent in general. It was clear that some approaches used interviews in their methodologies than others. Out of the 26 qualitative methods, 9 returned over 10 studies. The most popular techniques utilized in PhD studies as per this analysis were: life history, grounded theory method, discourse analysis, case study, phenomenology, content analysis, hermeneutics, action research, and symbolic interactionism. Case study projects were the most frequently utilized interviews; 1,401, while the grounded theory accounted for 429, with an inclusion criteria of 41%. On the other hand, qualitative evaluation accounted for the highest mean in the number of participants at 42, while ethnography communication recorded the lowest at 34. Discu ssion The most popular sample sizes were 30 and 20. Forty, ten, and twenty five followed the sequence. The considerable high proportion of studies using the multiples of ten to act as their sample stands out as the most vital finding of this analysis (Rubin & Babbie, 2009). There is no hypothesis-driven or logical reason why samples that end with any single integer would prevail than another in qualitative PhD researches that uses interviews. If the directing concept for qualitative resea

The U.S. has only 2 major political parties, Democrats & Republicans Essay

The U.S. has only 2 major political parties, Democrats & Republicans. While there are a number of smaller parties, only those 2 - Essay Example This paper shall consider the strengths and the weaknesses of this two-party system in America. It shall also consider why this is the case and whether or not such system is good or bad for the country. This essay is being undertaken in order to establish a comprehensive and academic discussion of the issue while considering all the relevant elements which impact on the governance and politics of this country. Discussion America’s history has had a major influence on its current two-party system. As was mentioned, this system traces its roots back to the American Civil War when the Federalists and the anti-federalists were at opposite ends of the political continuum. From then on, although its application has not been as extreme as was seen during the years preceding and those following the civil war, the two-party system became the dominant political belief system of the US. The people widely accepted this system and as years, many elections, and political regimes passed, cha nging such system became an unthinkable consideration (Wood and Sansone, 2000). The belief system in the US has also been largely shared and supported by the people. Where other countries have a wider range of beliefs with more disagreements in between, America has mostly considered two major parties. These parties were considered in the elections, but it has not negated the existence of other viewpoints. â€Å"The broad ideological consensus in the United States encouraged just two large parties – with overlapping points of view-whose main focus is to win elections, not to represent vastly different sets of beliefs† (Wood and Sansone, 2000). The two-party system has been the norm in the United States because its electoral system has been traditionally run as a winner-take-all system, not so much a proportional representation system (Janda, Berry, and Goldman, 2008). In this case, the winner is the candidate who gets the most number of votes, not the candidate who wins the majority vote. In the elections, one person can represent people within a small area or district and no matter how many representatives run, the candidate with the most number of votes still wins (Janda, Berry, and Goldman, 2008). For parties with smaller members and supporters, they often end up losing the elections and have a hard time making any kind of difference in the electoral process. Third parties have tried to penetrate the two-party system in the US, however, only few have made any lasting impact on the political system. The winner-take-all system has mostly left them no chance at winning any seat in the elections (Schmidt, Shelley, and Bardes, 2008). These parties have included the Free Soil party, the Know Nothings, the Liberty party, the Greenback party, the Populists, and similar minimal and almost inconsequential parties (Wood and Sansone, 2000). Other democratic nations have allowed as many candidates to run for office, and as many of them who win proportional votes can later be considered as representatives in office. In the United States however, these various interest groups and candidates have been encouraged to â€Å"work within the two major parties, for only one candidate in each race stands a chance of being elected under popular voting† (Janda, Berry, and Goodman, 2008, p. 245). This political system has worked well for the United States since it has ushered in many

Behaviour Of Individuals In A Group Education Essay

Behaviour Of Individuals In A Group Education Essay Introduction The line of study and understanding of individual and group behaviour, and patterns of structure in order to help improve organisational performance and effectiveness. (Robbins, 2007). Organisation is one of the most important parts and serves important needs of the society. So the decisions and actions of management in organisations have an increasing impact on individuals, other organisations and the community (Mullins, 2008). Hence it is important, to understand how organisation functions. For that we need to learn the behaviour of people, how do they behave and perform as members of a group and as individuals. This report is discussing the performance and behaviour of an individual while working in a group. The report emphasise on three interrelated parts which are concerned with: describing the formation of the group, differences between group and team, how individual perform in a group and their performance as an individual, and finally some conclusions on importance of the behaviour and performance of an individual in a group. Groups Groups are any number of people who interact with one another; are psychologically aware of one another; and perceive themselves to be a group (Schein, 1988). A group is two or more individuals interacting with each other to accomplish a common goal (Ivancevich, Konopaske, Matteson, 2008). Any ways groups are not same as that of teams. Teams are mature groups which are motivated and they are interdependent on each other for a common goal. Team can be of fixed size but groups can defer on purpose of the work. All teams can be a group but all groups cant be a team. Advantages and disadvantages of a group Advantages Learn to listen others point of view of other member in a group and take their considerations. Learn a lot from individuals personalities. Learn group co-ordination and Mutual understanding. Learn to divide work and complete the work faster. Learn to interact with different kind of people. Disadvantages If there are many people in a group then there may be group conflict. There may be different opinions on doing same thing so sometimes it takes time to start the work. Every member of a group should know its role and should work accordingly. Self esteem of a person can be heart while his opinion is not taken or not implemented. Why do people join groups? Humans are social animal, they cant stay alone. They want someone to interact with each other. People join clubs, different groups and societies just for interacting with each other. This is human psychology that they cant stop communicating with each other. Working in a group is an excellent way of building the effective interpersonal relationship that organisation needs (Heller, 1997). There are some of other reasons why people like to be in a group and they are: Security, Task achievement, Social needs and Power (Ellis Penny, 2000). People feel safety while they are in a group for an example working in an organisation some decision has to be taken people feel safe to take decision in a group rather than taking individually. Task achievement is also a main reason why people join groups there are many task which cannot be done alone. Some people join groups for social needs say by forming a group they are forming some special relationship. Power is the main reason people form a gro up for an instance if many people are doing a particular talk it can be done easily but thats not true for individuals. Reasons for formation of a group in an organisation People join groups because groups are able to accomplish things that individuals cannot accomplish working alone and working in group fulfils the social needs of people. The functional theory of the formation posits that groups are the only way to survive the demands of the environment (Stewart, Manz, Sims, 1999). Environmental factors As jobs become more complex due to technology or other factors, groups become a good way to handle the complexity (Levi, 2001). Moreover, joint management has a strong ability to attract capital beyond the founders or owners resources from private and venture capital backers (Timmons, 1999). I feel some work in an organization cant be done by individual it requires a group of people for better understanding of a complex situation. Poor performance, crisis and survival The urge to try something new and to change the course of action increases when the performance is low (Boone, C; van Olffen, W; vanWitteloostuijn, A; De Brebander, B, 2004) . Hence there is a fear of failure when a individual is working alone but thats not always true when groups are working. People know their own responsibilities while working in a group and they try to fulfil each and every thing. Growth A small business owner may not have the sufficient knowledge and skills to ensure significant organizational growth (Weinzimmer, 1997). When the firm sizeincreases, more people are needed for effective management (Weltman, 2001). Groups are responsible for the development of an organisation. Hence group should always think about the growth of the organisation. Profitability and better firm performance The benefits of teamwork in management relate to both work and firm performance (e.g. (Hunsaker, 2001; Eisenstat Cohen, 1990)No human is perfect, but groups can be. Human has some or other areas where they cannot work. But while working in a group human can hide their weaknesses. Social issues Companionship can help in problem solving and to diminish demanding working conditions as support arises among the team members (Hunsaker, 2001). One of the most compelling reasons why people join groups is because they believe membership in a particular group will help them to satisfy one or more important needs. Group norms According to Sherif (1936), norms are the customs, traditions, rules, values, fashions, and any other criteria of conduct which are standardised as a consequence of contact with individuals. Later, (Steers, 1981) called norms a shared group standard which regulates member behaviour. Norms also have been identified as the informal rules that groups adopt to regulate and regularise members behaviour (Feldman, 1984). Although norms generally exist in the formal context of group functioning, rarely appear in written form, and are seldom discussed, they still have a very powerful and consistent influence on group behaviour (Hackman, 1976). After analysing all this definitions I feel norms are rules which are made by individuals which work in a group for its smooth working. Norms are made by a group, so there can be different norms for different types of a group. For example, there are groups of people who are in a university every group will have its own norms. Secondly, there are various degrees of acceptance by a group member. That means some norms are followed by every group member and other norms are restricted to some people only. Some of the norms are also applied all group members and some norms are applied for few people in a group. For an instance, a group is working in an organisation, some norms are followed by all group members and some norms are only for the position holders, say managers in a group (Ivancevich, Konopaske, Matteson, 2008). Different types of group Organisation has two different types of groups they are formal groups and informal groups. The major difference between both this types of groups is that there is friendship between the members of the group. In informal group the entire member knows each other so they know what strength and weaknesses each individual has according to that everyone can work out knowing each other. And formal groups are made by the organisations they dont know each other they are formed for a specific goal. A planned system of cooperative effort in which each participant has a recognized role to play and duties or tasks to perform (Katz, 1965). These types of groups are made only for smooth functioning of an organisation. People dont know each other so there are less chance of getting friendly environment, and getting better results. According to Palazzolo (1981), a collection of individual whose common work experience result in the development of a system of interpersonal relations beyond those expect ed of them by values of their employment. In this type of group people know each other and they are friends with common goals so they can coordinate with each other without any problem. There is no communication gap between the people, so work can be done in better way. The only problem with this type of group is that it has friendly environment so many times it does not work for a organisation. But informal groups are better than formal groups. Groupthink A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically Appraise alternative courses of action (Janis, 1972). With the idea of Groupthink group behaviour and performance can be increased. Groupthink can make any kind of decisions in an organization. As we have notice individual does not take any decisions, all the decisions are been taken by the organisation are discussed before implementing it. This is because all individual has different way of thinking in an organisation so everyone should know what is going on and can get ideas from everyone. By doing this the chances of implementing a risk gets decrease and on one in an organisation can regret the fact after implementing the new project. Numbers of specific symptoms on groupthink are as fallows. There is an illusion of invulnerability with excessive optimism and risk-taking. The discounting or discrediting of negative feedback which contradicts group consensus results in rationalisation in order to explain away any disagreeable information. An unquestioned belief in the inherent morality of the group which leads members to be convinced of the logical correctness of what it is doing and to ignore ethical or moral consequences of decisions. The groups desire to maintain consensus can lead to negative stereotyping of opponents or people outside the group, or to the acceptance of change. There is pressure on individual members to conform and reach consensus so that minority or unpopular ideas may be suppressed. Each member of the group may impose self-censorship in order to suppress their own objectives, or personal doubts or disagreements. As a result of self-censorship, there is an illusion of unanimity with a lack of expressed dissent and a false sense of unity. In the unlikely event of dissent or contrary information, this will give rise to the emergence of mind guards who act as filters, guarding group leaders, deflecting opposition and applying pressure on deviants. (Mullins, 2008) Individual behaviour as a group member Psychological research on creativity has tended to focus on individuals and intra-individual factors (e.g., motivation; Amabile, 1982). Fords (1996) Theory of Creative Individual Action also links the work environment with intra-individual factors to explain individual creativity. Fords theory describes three individual characteristics which overlap conceptually with the components of Amabiles (1988, 1997) model, via: sense making, motivation, and knowledge and ability. Individual personality makes a big impact on his psychological behaviour in an organisation. Also all the employees has to be motivated by some or the other ways. There may be some of the differences while working in a group but individual has to ignore them. All the group members are there for a common purpose so everyone should know their role and accordingly they have to perform while they are in a group. No individual should back-off at last movement while working in a group. By doing this he can develop psychologically as well as potentially. He can get different ideas from all other group members. He wont be restricted to a limit, and also can work better as a group member. This is because we know no individual is perfect and group can be, this says group members can hide weaknesses of a individual. But for performing better in a group individual should be motivated all the time. Maslows theory of motivation gives an idea how individual can be motivated. Motivation Motivation is the factor that every group leader should give to their group member. Motivation is better explained by Maslows theory. Maslows theory Abraham Maslow attempted to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation and based upon his clinical experiences with humans.  From Maslows theory of motivation, modern leaders and executive managers find means of  employee motivation  for the purposes of employee and workforce management. According to this theory humans are motivated by unsatisfied needs and certain lower needs. All individuals should fulfil physiological needs first. If these needs are not satisfied then there are chances for an individual to leave the organisation, as he is de-motivated from the organisation. After completing these needs other higher level needs should be completed like he should be safe from other things which are in and out of the organisation. And the hierarchy goes on till Self-Actualization. Hence Abraham Maslows model indicates that basic, low-level needs such as physiological requirements and safety must be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self-fulfilment are pursu ed. (Anonymus, Abraham Maslow Biography, 2005) Peer Pressure Peer pressure  is a change in  attitudes,  values, or  behaviour  in person to  conform  to group  norms (Anonymus, 2010). This person cannot be the member of the group. Peer pressure can be because of change in anything in the organisation. This can be a environment change or change in need. And because of this pressure group member leaves the group and may join other group which he dont like to be a member of that group, and thus they behave adversely concerning that groups behaviours. Peer pressure can cause people to do things they would not normally do, e.g. start drinking, may take least interest in the organisation, etc. Group Conflict Group conflict can occurs when there is difference in opinions within the group member. Conflict in a group can occur because of following reasons age, race, gender, education, functional background, and tenure. And because of this some time we feel to stay away from a group. This type of conflict can be seen in formal group. But thats not a case of informal group all the group member knows each other so they are understanding and many a times informal group may be of same age group and same kind of education so due to this reason the rate of conflict reduces or many times conflict does not take place. There is also conflict in the informal groups but this type of conflict does not last for more than a day. Experience This I can say with my own experience, I have been a member of a informal group while I was in my college, I was a member of cultural committee of the college from five years. Till completed my graduation. We used to organise the college festival called Utkarsh, I always took part in event handling stuff. And for last couple of years I was elected as a co-ordinator of Roars, with is IT and comp-science festival under Utkarsh. There were almost 15-20 peoples group who used to be a member if Roars and Utkarsh, so while organising a festival there are always conflict between a group members that which event will take place and where will it be held in the college, this is because there are almost 4000 people turning up for the event hence every one want to keep more event and all the event at one place hence there are conflict between group members. But once everything is solved there are no personal regrets in any ones mind. This is a big advantage of been a member of a informal group. In informal group also there should be a person who manages the group. In my case I been a co-ordinator had to look after the group. I had to look after personal problems with some other group members some other problems group member has while organising the festival. In intra group conflict I had to manage to solve the problem. This I was doing on the Maslows theory. If they need any necessary things for the event I typed to fulfil that by demanding it from the college authorities. The authorities should give them some safety measures by asking professors to take the lectures which they have missed and dont mark them as absent while they are working for the college festival as well as providing them with equal standards so that everyone gets a chance to give their own opinion. To provide them a self esteem so that they can also be confident while working for a college festival. Conclusion Work done by individual always talk time then work done by a group. Everything depends on the individual personality and his psychological and potential behaviour. Say now there is a word written impossible one individual may read it as impossible and other may read it as i m possible. Hence it depends on how the individual think. But working in a group always helps for individual to development himself. He gets to know how other individuals in a group think and what is the approach of other people on a particular work. There is always conflict in a group individuals should take these in a positive way as the group conflict is because of the betterment of the work which group is doing. The conflict in a group can be minimised if the group is an informal group. This is because all the group member knows each other and they are almost of same age so there thinking are also almost same. There should be a leader in a group to control the group. Group leader should always motivate people so that people can work in better way. Finally, I think group is always a better option to work rather than working as an individual.

Voice, Words and Sound in Heart of Darkness Essay examples -- Heart Da

Voice, Words and Sound in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   To Marlow, voice is the supreme symbol of civilization, and civilized understanding is expressed through words. The absence of words, or the inability to express something in words, signals meaninglessness. The psychedelic experience brings one into direct confrontation with the breakdown of language (the ‘transcendence of verbal concepts’ cited in the introduction), its inability to express the hidden truth of existence. Marlow becomes aware of this—primarily through his direct experience with Kurtz—yet he does not fully allow himself to believe in the failure of language. After all, language is still the most effective tool he has for communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sound is a signifier of meaning to Marlow. If sound is comprehensible, i.e. English or the sound of the sea, then it belongs to civilization and intelligence. If it is incomprehensible, not English, or the silencing of sound, then it belongs to savagery and ignorance. Thus, understanding is represented in sound as well as in thought or action. For example: ‘With one hand I felt above my head for the line of the steam whistle, and jerked out screech after screech hurriedly. The tumult of angry and warlike yells was checked instantly, and then from the depths of the woods went out such a tremulous and prolonged wail of mournful fear and utter despair as may be imagined to follow the flight of the last hope from the earth. There was a great commotion in the bush; the shower of arrows stopped, a few dropping shots rang out sharply—then silence, in which the languid beat of the stern-wheel came plainly to my ears’ (Conrad, 82). The whistle is the signifier of civilization, of all that is incomprehensible to the primi... ...For the story is full of silence, full of the memory of the savage. Does his telling allow him to let go of the savage, erase the memories of the palpable force of the wilderness? Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Editor Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton, 1988. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Editor Paul O’Prey. Middlesex: Penquin Books Ltd., 1983. Cox, C. B. Conrad: Heart of Darkness, Nostromo, and Under Western Eyes. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1987.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guetti, James. ‘Heart of Darkness and the Failure of the Imagination’, Sewanee Review LXXIII, No. 3 (Summer 1965), pp. 488-502. Ed. C. B. Cox.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ruthven, K. K. ‘The Savage God: Conrad and Lawrence,’ Critical Quarterly, x, nos 1& 2 (Spring and Summer 1968), pp. 41-6. Ed. C. B. Cox. Watts, Cedric. A Preface to Conrad. Essex: Longman Group UK Limited, 1993.     

Presidential and Parliamentary Systems of Government Essay

Introduction and Main Distinguishing Features of Both Systems: A presidential system of government is one in which there is a head of government, i.e. the executive branch, who is separate from the legislature and is not accountable to it. Generally, the legislature does not hold power to dismiss the executive. This system can be traced back to the monarchal system in the medieval ages which countries such as France, England and Scotland followed where the Crown held all executive powers and not the parliament. When the office of the President of the United States was created, this system of separate powers of the executive and legislature was replicated in the U.S. Constitution. In contrast, a parliamentary system is different from the above because its executive branch of government needs the direct or indirect backing of the parliament to stay in power, which is generally expressed through a vote of confidence. However, the mechanism of checks and balances is different from one found in a presidential republic because there is no distinct separation of powers between the legislature and the executive. In parliamentary systems, the head of government and the head of state are distinct entities, where the former is the prime minister and the latter is an elected president or a hereditary monarch. The U.K. follows a parliamentary form of government, where the prime minister and the cabinet govern using their executive power on a daily basis, but actual authority is held with the head of state.[1] In distinguishing between presidential and parliamentary systems, three points must be considered. First, in a presidential system the head of government (the president) is elected for a fixed term and will serve this unless there is the ‘unusual and exceptional process of impeachment’, whereas in a parliamentary system the head of government (prime minister or equivalent) is dependent on the confidence of the legislature and thus can be removed (along with the whole government) by a motion of no-confidence. Second, in a presidential system the head of government (the president) is popularly elected, if not literally directly by the voters then by an electoral college popularly elected expressly for this purpose, whereas in a parliamentary system the head of government (prime minister or equivalent) is ‘selected’ by the legislature. Third, in a presidential system there is effectively a â€Å"one-person† non-collegial executive, whereas in a parliamentary system the executive (i.e., the cabinet) is collective or collegial.[2] For his part, Sartori like Lijphart, makes three basic points in that ‘a political system is presidential if, and only if, the head of state (president) i) results from popular election, ii) during his or her pre-established tenure cannot be discharged by a parliamentary vote, and iii) heads or otherwise directs the governments that he or she appoints’. There are two distinctions between Lijphart and Sartori worth noting here. First of all, Lijphart refers to the president as the head of government whereas Sartori refers to him or her as the head of state. Second and related, Sartori conceives of the government as being broader than the individual president. As such, Sartori rejects as too narrow the notion ‘that the head of state must also be the head of government’ in favor of a looser notion that authority flows from the president down – perhaps via a separate head of government.[3] Mainwaring attributes two distinguishing features to a presidential democracy. First, the head of government is elected independently of the legislature in the sense that legislative elections and post-election negotiations do not determine executive power. In countries where the chief executive is selected by the legislature, not as a second alternative when the popular vote does not produce a clear winner but as the fundamental process, the system is either parliamentary (the vast majority of cases) or a hybrid (as in Switzerland). Post-election negotiations that determine which parties will govern and which will head the government are crucial in many parliamentary regimes, but they are not part of the selection process of chief executives in presidential systems. The chief executive in a presidential democracy is usually elected by popular vote, although some countries, notably the United States, have an electoral college rather than direct popular elections. Even so, in the United States, the popular vote has a virtually binding effect on Electoral College votes. In other presidential systems, including those in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile (before 1973), the congress votes for a president if there is no absolute majority in the popular vote. Yet the popular vote is the first criterion, and in Argentina and Chile, tradition has dictated that congress will select the candidate with the most popular votes. Note that it must be the head of government-not simply the president-who is elected by popular vote or an electoral college. In Austria, Iceland, and Ireland, the president is elected by direct popular vote but has only minor powers and is therefore not the head of government.[4] The second distinguishing feature of presidential democracies is that the president is elected for a fixed period of time. Most presidential democracies allow for impeachment, but this practice is rare and does not substantially affect the definition because of its extraordinary character. The president cannot be forced to resign because of a no-confidence vote by the legislature, and consequently, the president is not formally accountable to congress. In a parliamentary system, in contrast, the head of government is elected by the legislature and subsequently depends on the ongoing confidence of the legislature to remain in office; thus the time period is not fixed.[5] Implications for Policy Making and Democracy: Whether a regime is parliamentary or presidential has a major impact on significant aspects of political life: how executive power is formed, relationships between the legislative and the executive branches, relationships between the executive and the political parties, the nature of the political parties, what happens when the executive loses support, and arguably even prospects for stable democracy and patterns of domination. The proponents of presidential claim that presidential systems claim that such systems ensure that the president’s power is a legitimate one because the president if, in most cases, elected directly by the people. The United States follows a different system in which the president is elected by an electoral college but is still considered to be popularly elected. Parliamentary executives can not claim to be elected via a direct vote of the people. Separation of powers is another benefit which the presidential system provides because it established the executive branch and the legislative as two distinct structures which allows each body to supervise and oversee the other and prevents abuse of the system. In a parliamentary system, the executive is not separate from the legislature, reducing the chances of criticism or scrutiny, unless a formal condemnation in the form of a vote of no confidence takes place. Hence, in a parliamentary system, a prime minister’s unethical deeds or instances of misconduct might never be discovered as Woodrow Wyatt (former British Member of Parliament) said while writing about the famous Watergate scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon, â€Å"don’t think a Watergate couldn’t happen here, you just wouldn’t hear about it.†[6] In a parliamentary system, even though the option of a vote of no confidence is available, it is an option resorted to only in extreme cases. It is considered extremely difficult to influence or stop a prime minister or cabinet who has already decided to pass legislation or implement measures. Voting against important legislation is tantamount to a vote of no confidence, as a consequence of which the government is changed after holding of elections. This is a very tedious process because of which it is a rare occurrence in some parliamentary countries. Britain for example has only rarely undergone such a situation. Therefore, it is often believed that in a parliamentary system, because of the lack of separation of powers, the Parliament can not actually exercise any real control over the executive. However, there can be a downside to separation of powers. Presidential systems can lead to a situations where the President and Congress both evade blame by passing it to the other. In the words of former Treasury Secretary C. Douglas Dillon as he described the United States, â€Å"The president blames Congress, the Congress blames the president, and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington.†[7] Woodrow Wilson agreed in his thesis, Congressional Government in the United States, as he said, â€Å"†¦how is the schoolmaster, the nation, to know which boy needs the whipping? . . . Power and strict accountability for its use are the essential constituents of good government. . . . It is, therefore, manifestly a radical defect in our federal system that it parcels out power and confuses responsibility as it does. The main purpose of the Convention of 1787 seems to have been to accomplish this grievous mistake. The `literary theory’ of checks and balances is simply a consistent account of what our constitution makers tried to do; and those checks and balances have proved mischievous just to the extent which they have succeeded in establishing themselves . . . [the Framers] would be the first to admit that the only fruit of dividing power had been to make it irresponsible.†[8] Separation of Powers has mixed implications. It can lead to gridlock, i.e. when it becomes next to impossible to pass items on the party’s agenda because the legislature is almost equally divided, usually an occurrence in the U.S. when the Senate and House of Representatives are dominated by opposing parties. However, the upside to gridlock is that it often prevents radical policy changes. Another problem with the presidential system is that while it is inherently stable because the president is elected for a fixed term, this also compounds the issue of the presidency being a zero-sum game, where winner takes all. As Linz (1990, 56) states, â€Å"The danger that zero-sum presidential elections pose is compounded by the rigidity of the president’s fixed term in office. Winners and losers are sharply defined for the entire period of the presidential mandate†¦losers must wait four or five years without any access to executive power and patronage. The zero-sum game in presidential regimes raises the stakes of presidential elections and inevitably exacerbates their attendant tension and polarization.† Parliamentary elections can also lead to one party winning an absolute majority, in most scenarios a number of parties gain representation through these elections. Power is often shared and coalitions are formed, as a consequence of which the position holders give due weight to the needs and interests of smaller parties. In turn, these parties expect a certain share in power and as is obvious, are stakeholders in the overall system, instead of non-entities. Now if, as is the case in presidential systems, one sole person believes that he has independent authority and a popular mandate, he might start to develop a tendency towards authoritarianism. When he develops such notions about his standing and role, he will not react appropriately to the inevitable opposition to his policies, finding it annoying and unsettling, as would a prime minister who considers himself a mere representative of a temporary governing coalition and not the sole voice of the nation. Hence the examples of Venezuela and Colombia, where when democracy was reestablished in times of great political instability, and when the written constitutions warranted a presidential government, the leaders of chief political parties opted for consociational agreements whereby the rigid, winner-take-all consequences of presidential elections were â€Å"softened†.[9] While stability is often touted as one of the prime advantages of the presidential system, it is simply another word for rigidity. On the other hand, parliamentarism lends a certain element of flexibility to the political process. Advocates of presidentialism might reply that this rigidity is actually a plus because it prevents the uncertainty and instability so definitive of parliamentary politics. Under parliamentary government, after all, a number of entities, even rank-and-file legislators, can choose to adopt basic changes, cause realignments and shifts, and, most importantly, make or break prime ministers. But it must be remembered that while the need for authority and predictability might serve as justifications for presidentialism, there can be a myriad of unexpected developments- anything from the death of the incumbent to serious errors in judgment committed under the pressure of adverse political circumstances – that often lead to the presidential rule being less predictable and often weaker than that of a prime minister. The latter can always make efforts to bolster up his legitimacy and authority, be it through a vote of confidence or the dissolution of parliament and the consequential new elections. Also, a prime minister can be changed without it necessarily leading to a major regime crisis.[10] Conclusion: The above analysis has largely favored a parliamentary system over a presidential one. However, one must remember that success regimes, regardless of the amount of thought and care gone into their design, are determined by the extent of support they manage to arrest from society at large, its major forces, groups and institution. Public consensus therefore is a basic need, which confers legitimacy to the authority of the regime, and this is achieved only by the power which is attained lawfully and in a democratic fashion. Regimes also depend to a large extent on the ability and aptitude of their leaders to govern, to arouse trust and to respect the boundaries of the power they hold. Every country has unique aspects that one must take into account-traditions of federalism, ethnic or cultural heterogeneity, and so on. Both systems have their pros and cons, even parliamentary systems can suffer grave crises. Hence, countries must consider their own individual past, present and future, in order to determine which system has the greater probability of success. References Hardin, Charles. 1989. A Challenge to Political Science. PS: Political Science and Politics 22(3): 595-600. Lijphart, Arend, ed. 1992. Introduction in A. Lijphart (ed.), Parliamentary versus presidential government. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Linz, Juan. 1990. The Perils of Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy (Winter): 51-69. Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew. 1997. Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal. Comparative Politics 29(4): 449-471. Mainwaring, Scott. 1990. Presidentialism in Latin America. Latin American Research Review 25(1):157-179. Sartori, Giovanni. 1994. Neither presidentialism nor parliamentarism, in J.J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds.), The failure of presidential democracy, vol. 1: Comparative perspectives. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Thomas, Jo. Oct. 9 1988. The fate of two nations. The New York Times. Wilson, Woodrow. 1886. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. The New Englander 45(192). [1] Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew. 1997. Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal. Comparative Politics 29(4): 449-471. [2] Lijphart, Arend, ed. 1992. Introduction in A. Lijphart (ed.), Parliamentary versus presidential government. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [3] Sartori, Giovanni. 1994. Neither presidentialism nor parliamentarism, in J.J. Linz & A. Valenzuela (eds.), The failure of presidential democracy, vol. 1: Comparative perspectives. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. [4] Mainwaring, Scott. 1990. Presidentialism in Latin America. Latin American Research Review 25(1):157-179. [5] Linz, Juan. 1990. The Perils of Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy (Winter): 51-69 [6] Thomas, Jo. Oct. 9 1988. The fate of two nations. The New York Times. [7] Hardin, Charles. 1989. A Challenge to Political Science. PS: Political Science and Politics 22(3): 595-600. [8] Wilson, Woodrow. 1886. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. The New Englander 45(192). [9] Linz, Juan. 1990. [10]   Linz, Juan. 1990.

Founding Brothers Summaries Essay Essay Example

Founding Brothers Summaries Essay Essay Example Founding Brothers Summaries Essay Essay Founding Brothers Summaries Essay Essay Essay Topic: O Brother Where Foreword The foreword of Establishing Brothers sets up the historical context and temper for the undermentioned chapters. seting an accent on the American Revolution. and its significance and inevitableness. After the revolutions the amazing success and America’s release from Great Britain. no 1 was certain America could keep its ain for long. It had non yet established an active authorities and was deemed probably by many to fall apart into single provinces. However. the founding â€Å"fathers† were determined to hold America survive as a successful state. so they initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 during which the American Constitution was created. : Chapter 1 the Duel The first chapter of the novel pertains to the conflict between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton. One forenoon in the summer of 1804. the two conducted a affaire dhonneur near Weehawken. New Jersey following the codification duello. It resulted in the decease of Hamilton which accordingly tainted Burr’s repute. Hamilton was shot and killed by one of two shootings that were fired. In the wake. two narratives were known amongst the populace: the Hamilton version and the Burr version. The Hamilton version is that Burr was the first to fire and Hamilton impetuously fired into the air upon being shooting. The Burr version is that Hamilton fired foremost. intentionally losing. and after about four or five seconds. Burr fired that fatal shooting that killed Hamilton. who outright fell to the land. Although this version was about undoubtedly incorrect. it was slightly of a consensus amongst the populace. Ironically. the Burr version is more credible because it contains the interruption between the two shootings upon which was both sides agreed. hence doing Hamilton’s automatic shooting extremely implausible. The affaire dhonneur was the consequence of Hamilton piquing Burr and so declining to apologise. Chapter 2 the Dinner The chapter’s 2nd chapter goes back to the eighteenth century. before the events of the predating chapter. Ellis tells Thomas Jefferson’s history of a dinner he held at his place in mid-June of 1790. He invited Alexander Hamilton and James Madison to discourse the hereafter location of the nation’s capital. This subject was supplemented by conversations sing the economic crisis of the times. The dinner led to a via media between Madison and Hamilton. Madison would non oppose Hamilton’s fiscal program in exchange for Hamilton’s support of the capital’s hereafter location to be along the Potomac River. However. Ellis proposes that this via media was non merely the consequence of the individual dinner but instead several treatments. George Washington decided that America’s capital would be established east of Georgetown and was named Washington D. C. after Washington himself. Having originally promised it would be in propinquity of the Pennsylvania boundary line. the cardinal street was named Pennsylvania Avenue in order to pacify defeated Pennsylvanians. Chapter 3 The Silence The 3rd chapter of the fresh involves a outstanding difference that about broke apart the immature state. This statement was a consequence of requests presented to the House of Representatives a few months prior to Jefferson’s dinner by two Quaker deputations naming for the terminal of the African slave trade. Those in favour of keeping bondage in the United States were chiefly the southern provinces. particularly Georgia. represented by James Jackson. and South Carolina. represented by William Loughton Smith. They argued that Congress should disregard the requests because the Constitution prohibited authorities action on the slave trade until 1808 anyhow and that it was simply and try to accomplish emancipation. They even took it so far as to endanger to win if the affair was non openly discussed. No 1 in the House took the enterprise to rebut the South’s allegations and this silence is what the chapter’s rubric refers to. In the terminal. there was no existent national consequence. In order to stop this difference. James Madison passed a ballot from the House to amend the Constitution so that Congress would hold no authorization to interfere with bondage. Chapter 4 Farewell This chapter focuses on George Washington’s farewell reference and therefore his formal decline to function a 3rd term as president. Despite holding been partly written in coaction with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Washington’s farewell reference included his and merely his hopes for the hereafter of the United States. Amongst the points that he stressed were the demand for national integrity. the danger of partiality and party political relations. and the foreign policy of neutrality and diplomatic independency from the disruptive events happening in Europe at the clip. Thankss to Washington. go forthing office after two footings became customary for wining presidents. except for Franklin D. Roosevelt who served three full footings and died during his 4th. In 1951. the 22nd Amendment made it jurisprudence that a president may merely function at most two footings. America was by and large saddened by the retirement of such a great leader as George Washington. f or he was seen by the population as a virtually god-like figure. Chapter 5 The Confederates After the retirement of George Washington. the two prima campaigners for the presidential term were John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. both good friends and great rivals. However. Adams was a Federalist and Jefferson was a Republican. and the two parties were going progressively counter towards each other. In 1796. John Adams was officially elected president and Jefferson vice-president. Since they were from different parties. they had different dockets for their clip in office. At dinner with Washington in 1797. Jefferson informed Adams that he was non interested in fall ining his cabinet and the Republican Party did non mean to partake in the peace deputation Adams was directing to France. From so on Adams neer once more addressed Jefferson’s inclusion in policy devising determinations. In the 1800 election. the presidential term was won by Jefferson with Aaron Burr as the vice-president. After the election. Adams and Jefferson did non talk to one another for 12 long old ages. Chapter 6 Friendship The book’s reasoning chapter one time once more pertains to John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. After 12 old ages of silence between the two they eventually began to restore their friendly relationship through missive correspondence initiated by Adams that would last until their deceases. They both put forth a noticeable attempt to accommodate and their long-held regard for each other overcame the resentment from their past differences. The missive correspondence consisted of 158 letters stoping in 1826 when both work forces died. On the 50th day of remembrance of American independency in 1826. both Jefferson and Adams died within about five hours of each other.

How to Write an Exploratory Essay on the Nacirema Culture

How to Write an Exploratory Essay on the Nacirema Culture Exploratory essays are a unique piece of academic writing because, as the name suggests, you are meant to explore new territory (academically speaking), examine a problem and find new ways to solve it. In that sense, your goal is to explore a unique aspect of something that you can improve upon or solve. Some points to remember: Your essay should really focus on a question or a problem, and not so much on a key idea. Your essay should analyze multiple solutions to the problem during your writing and in doing so, indicate the strong and weak points to each potential solution before concluding as to which one is best. Your essay should also be written in the form of an impromptu paper or a retrospective paper. The retrospective one is smoother but the impromptu one appears more natural. This type of writing is a way for students to learn more about a concept on their own, something which juxtaposes having a teacher try and explain the topic in class. This is a chance for students to learn in a new and exciting way, in a way where they have complete control over the learning method and the content which is covered. Students are also forced to find active solutions. Exploratory essays should follow the organization listed below: Introduction This is where you first define your topic (in order to choose the right topic, consult our suggested ones based on the Nacirema culture). You can do so by describing an event, describing a concept, asking your reader a question, or quoting an authority figure or a piece of relevant research. From that point onward your job is to explain the issue and tell the reader why it is important. You also want to touch upon the ideas that exist for solving the issue, or what solutions you have in mind. Body Here is where you provide the reader with additional background details. If you can’t find enough information for this matter, consult the guides like ours that contains facts on the Nacirema culture. It is also where you analyze one of the points you presented and then compare it with the other points you are presenting to the reader. Remember to look for and present solutions. If you do not agree with the existing solutions to the problem or topic you are covering, you can always present your own and tell the reader which solution you think is the best. Conclusion This is where you want to reiterate the content which you presented in the introduction of your paper, but you want to avoid simply repeating the same information and instead rephrase it with the new evidence you presented in your body. Use this time to make sure you have answered the question adequately and share whatever thoughts you have about the decision. Remember that the exploratory essay is one where you must explore the concept or topic, find the solutions to it, and not simply recite something that is already well-known. Make sure you have gone that step above and beyond and not simply pointed out something which is wrong, or bad, but instead provided legitimate steps which can be taken to rectify that problem. At CustomWritings you can purchase a custom essay written by highly qualified writers. You will get a 100% original and high-quality academic paper!

Discuss the methods and technology used in damping buildings when Essay

Discuss the methods and technology used in damping buildings when resonance leads to SHM caused by the wind and earthquakes - Essay Example The amplitude of these oscillations is time dependent and is inversely proportional to the time. Higher damping means that the oscillations reduce in their size (Fang et al. 1999). In physics’ terms, the tendency of a system to oscillate at amplitude that is greater at certain frequencies as compared to others is called resonance. This situation occurs when the system has the capacity to stockpile and shift energy easily between more than two modes of storage. The losses that happen at the process of this cycle are called damping. With small damping, the resonance frequency tends to be the same as the natural frequency of the system. There are cases where systems have multiple resonance frequencies that are distinct (Kijewski-Correa and Pirnia, 2007). Damping is hence the physical phenomenon of reducing motion through dissipation of energy. In tall buildings, damping is important due to various reasons. The tall buildings are known to vibrate at natural frequencies that are low. This is a factor that makes the buildings to be very susceptible to dynamic resonance in cases of earthquake and wind. Wind energy is usually at its highest when the frequencies are low. Additionally, to the response to the wind gustiness, there is a common form of dynamic wind response that is due to vortex shedding. The circumstances mentioned results to the creation of movements of the structure that is at right angles to the course of the storm (Terman, 1992). Damping in tall buildings is mainly caused by intrinsic and supplementary sources. Intrinsic damping comes from connections, cladding, friction and seismic motion; in this case, this paper is interested in the seismic causes of the damping which is earthquakes. Supplementary damping is due to engineered devices such as friction devices, viscous and slosh dampers and tuned mass dampers (Katsuhiko, 2005). There are broad methods that have been largely

Management Improving Tools Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Management Improving Tools - Research Paper Example In order to effectively study the various management improving tools, it is important to understand the nature of managerial work. The primary function of managers in for profit organizations is to satisfy the various stakeholders in the organization including the shareholders and investors. This mainly involves helping the company make profits, creating rewarding employment opportunities, and producing valuable goods and services at reasonable costs. Management responsibilities in non profit management mainly involve maintaining the faith of various donors. Managers of an organization are appointed by a board of directors, which is given the authority by the shareholders. The managers then become responsible for hiring other employees to work along with them to help the company met its objectives. In the public sector, the electorate elects political leaders who then appoint managers to be in charge of government offices. The basic functions of management include decisional, informa tional and interpersonal roles. Decisional roles involve making decisions on various issues to move the organization forward towards achieving its goals. Informational roles of management involve sharing, handling and analyzing available information for the benefit of the organization. Interpersonal responsibilities of management on the other hand involve coordinating and interacting with employees, clients, partners, shareholders and other stakeholders in the organization in order to mobilize resources that will help the organization accomplish its goals... In order to effectively study the various management improving tools, it is important to understand the nature of managerial work. The primary function of managers in for profit organizations is to satisfy the various stakeholders in the organization including the shareholders and investors (Mejia, David & Robert, 2013). This mainly involves helping the company make profits, creating rewarding employment opportunities, and producing valuable goods and services at reasonable costs. Management responsibilities in non profit management mainly involve maintaining the faith of various donors. Managers of an organization are appointed by a board of directors, which is given the authority by the shareholders (Joseph. Juran & Blanton 1999). The managers then become responsible for hiring other employees to work along with them to help the company met its objectives. In the public sector, the electorate elects political leaders who then appoint managers to be in charge of government offices. The basic functions of management include decisional, informational and interpersonal roles. Decisional roles involve making decisions on various issues to move the organization forward towards achieving its goals (Thomas & Paul, 2003). Informational roles of management involve sharing, handling and analyzing available information for the benefit of the organization. Interpersonal responsibilities of management on the other hand involve coordinating and interacting with employees, clients, partners, shareholders and other stakeholders in the organization in order to mobilize resources that will help the organization accomplish its goals (Thomas & Paul, 2003). A successful management team must portray a wide range