DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE - Essay Example This prompted me to find articles that represent results of general research so that I could deduce the meaning of general research from them. In particular, I read two general research articles and compared their topic, methodology, and findings to a scientific article. This is how I came up with a conclusive answer. The first general research article talked about the relationship between conservation, tourism, and economic development (Conservation – Tourism – Economic Development Context 1). The second talked about staff development through education (EAEpedia 1). The scientific article focused on marine mammals and its approach concurred with definition about scientific research (United States Department of Commerce 1). You are welcome to view the articles as this important discussion continues. Conservation – Tourism – Economic Development Context. The Investigation of the Effects of Conservation and Tourism on Land Tenure and Ownership Patterns in KwaZulu-Natal. Web. 2004. 26 November 2011 United States Department of Commerce. Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for the Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program. 2008. Web. 26 November 2011

Impact of Current Information Technology on Our Lives Essay Example for Free

Impact of Current Information Technology on Our Lives Essay ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My deepest gratitude to my Ate Kristine and my parents who support and encourage me to pursue my chosen path, to concentrate to my studies, for all their kind and inspiring comments. My special thanks go to my grandma, who have given me great moral support in my studies and to our Almighty God, who have given me spiritual support to complete this term paper. I. INTRODUCTION Information technology (IT) ins probably one of the most significant developments in human history since the printing press. It has given rise to one of the most fascinating communications devices ever created, the Internet. It has come into our homes, our schools and our offices, tying us together in unprecedented ways. It is one of the most important developments in recent memory. Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications. The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review, in which authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT).. Some of the modern and emerging  fields of Information technology are next generation web technologies, bioinformatics, cloud computing, global information systems, large scale knowledge bases, etc. A. GENERAL INFORMATION IT is the area of managing technology and spans wide variety of areas that include computer software, information systems, computer hardware, programming languages but are not limited to things such as processes, , and data constructs. In short, anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered part of the IT domain. IT provides businesses with four sets of core services to help execute the business strategy: business process automation, providing information, connecting with customers, and productivity tools. IT professionals perform a variety of functions (IT Disciplines/Competencies) that ranges from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as management and administration of entire systems. Information technology is starting to spread further than the conventional personal computer and network technologies, and more into integrations of other technologies such as the use of cell phones, televisions, automobiles, and more, which is increasing the demand for such jobs. In the recent past, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and the Association for Computing Machinery have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study as compared to Computer Science and Information Systems today. SIGITE (Special Interest Group for IT Education) is the ACM working group for defining these standards. The Worldwide IT services revenue totaled $763 billion in 2009. B. TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITY AND GROWTH Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of Moores law): machines’ application-specific capacity to compute information per capita has roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986-2007; the per capita capacity of the world’s general-purpose computers has doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global  telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world’s storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled roughly every 12.3 years II. TRENDS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The wide range of information, data, and knowledge for problem solving and decision making are dealt with Information Technology. Before starting with the projects, students should be aware of authentication, and integrity features in their projects. Breaking of passwords and hacking can be avoided using these techniques. Anyhow, the various trends for projects are based on the emerging software technology. A. LATEST TRENDS a. Flash technology To add multiple types of external data to the given text, images, video, XML and to interact with web pages, Adobe Flash is used. It provides multimedia platform. The main purpose of this technology is to be used in advertisements and games. Both audio and video streams are supported by flash. One of the Object-oriented languages called ActionScript is the language used here by the developers. Flash player includes ActionScript Virtual Machine (AVM). The compiler, Just-In-Time (JIT), is used for MP3-based audio and bitmap graphics. Flash CS5 is the latest version of Adobe flash which was released on April 12, 2010. b. Microsoft Silverlight Microsoft Silverlight is developed on web framework and is similar to the functions of those in Adobe Flash. In addition, it also integrates multimedia graphics and interaction with a single runtime environment. Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) and its development tools are supported by Silverlight. The processor x86 with streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) is  used by Silverlight. Also the other processors which support Silverlight include the Intel Pentium III and AMD Athlon XP. Any of the .Net Programming language is supported for Silverlight applications. The developing tools for the application can be used along with the .Net language but should be aware that they can target only the Silverlight core CLR for hosting the applications and not that of the .Net Framework CLR since both differs in their own functionalities. 4GDR1 (4.0.50524.0) is the latest version of Silverlight and was released on 03 June 2010. c. Open Source software Open source software is newly emerging trend which is one of the best options for the students. The source code can be modified by the students as per the objective of project. Hence Open source is much flexible than closed version software. Open source software is mainly developed on peer to peer production by collaboration of end product, source material. Open source software can be enhanced by anyone and if you join some open source developers community, you can learn a lot of things directly from the most knowledged persons in the developers community. Even the top companies like Google who are paymasters gives lots of importance to candidates who have worked in open source projects during the interviews. d. Cryptography Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. It also refers to confidentiality. It is often seen as a â€Å"black art†, which means something others don’t understand but you need to understand. Cryptography is one of the essential aspects for secure communication. There are many aspects of security and applications ranging from secure commerce to private communication and to protect passwords. Cryptography is necessary for secure communication but it is not sufficient by itself. Here, the text is encrypted first; i.e. the plain text is changed to inarticulate garbage. The end user does the reverse process i.e. decryption, where the original text  is retrieved. There are a lot of algorithms in this area which is used in real time for data protection in sectors like banks, Research, Password Protection and so on. e. Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the study of controlling properties of an atom and molecules. As the name indicates, it deals with the study of structures sized between 1 and 100 nanometer. It is said that, nanotechnology has a tendency to create new materials and devices which can be used in future in a wide range of fields such as medicine, energy production, electronics and bio materials. As they are very small in size, nano structures have a tendency to change its state for transformation of energy. The two main approaches used in nanotechnology are Bottom-up and Top-down. In bottom-up approach, materials and devices are built from molecular, a component which later assemble themselves chemically and follows the principles of molecular recognition. In top-down approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without any atomic level control. Biotechnology is the best example to show the use of nanotechnology in various fields. The upcoming trends mainly focus on security and hacking. Mobile application for iPhone and Android are great areas to explore with good revenue opportunities as well. If you want to stand out from others, instead of going for some courses, try to contribute for an open source project. B. BUSINESS TRENDS Just a few decades ago, businesses had little in the way of office machinery except typewriters. Fax machines were new; only Xerox made copiers, and the computer was a monster that took up an entire room. These behemoths were housed almost exclusively on college campuses or in government laboratories. With the development of the personal computer, the situation changed; it was so quick it sometimes seems like it was overnight. At first, businesses were happy to use computers because their word processing programs made typing projects much easier. But using a computer like a high-powered typewriter  defeats the purpose of having the machine in the first place. Companies soon discovered that their PCs could do a great deal more. Companies began to network offices together so that they could share files and work on the same projects from distant locations. They connected to the Internet and put out advertisements to draw new customers. And perhaps one of the most significant business developments to come with IT is the creation of the electronic marketplace. Companies that sell their products over the Internet greatly increase the number of potential consumers who see their offerings. Even if the company is not actively selling goods, a website is a tremendously helpful tool. A well-designed, easy to navigate site can stimulate interest so that a potential customer calls or writes for further information. Other business applications of IT include â€Å"data mining,† â€Å"knowledge management,† and â€Å"modeling and simulation.† (Kalil, PG). This last is particularly interesting, as it allows companies to build prototypes in the computer. These prototypes perform exactly the same way a three-dimensional model would, and yet are far less expensive than building the â€Å"real thing.† This way, if the prototype doesn’t work, there isn’t the strain on the company’s resources there would be if a real model (car, plane, truck, train) had been built. If it does work, it can be put into production quickly. C. FUTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRENDS There’s no denying that we are in a worldwide downturn. Government are in debt; jobs are being cut; houses are being repossessed and people because it. However, there is a way to plan for the declining eminent and that is through IT guidance. If you are like most people, the last thing on your opinion is paying for tuition, especially in a specialty as baffling as information technology. However, IT education may be your label out of the slump and into a fulfilling and stable career. For most of us, our prospect is not set in pelt, especially with the downturn. There is no concrete way of aware that you will forever be in the site, or even with the visitors you are with now. However, IT guidance can organize for a potential in information technology at any sector. The  diligence needs IT technicians whether you work in television, marketing, communication, client check, etc. IT technology can open doors to more than just your own effective Future Information Technology Trends environment. You can take these skills and concern them to other sectors and industries as well. This will make the leap to another career in the upcoming much fewer overwhelming, if that time ever comes. Technology and Telecommunication: While many people are trailing their jobs in marketing, buyer ceremony, factual estate and construction, more and more people are verdict their mission via telecommunication. This is because, while the nation is gradually lessening, the â€Å"nation† is blossoming. Websites are in stable penury to IT help including webmasters, graphic designers and programmers. This Future Information Technology Trends trend will prolong as the internet is one of the best customs to join to the world and will only maintain to grow in the future. Technological trends in the future: According to the Bureau of Labour Statistics, the technology world will maintain to upsurge with jobs in IT increasing by 16% in the next ten existence. This is sooner than most other industries in the United States due to the many technological advances within many industries. IT Training for all Industries: even if you never want to dine in a career as an IT technician, information technology exercise can help prepare you for advancement in your own sector. Information technology exists everywhere and this is why it’s important to advantage the skills desirable to understand the information technological phase of your sector. IT is Universal: Another important touch of information technology is that, while some systems modify from troupe to troupe, and from country to country, they are all relatively the same. This means that, if you desire to do so, you can move and convey with career guidance in IT. Spend a year in Japan since the sights and running in IT on the section, or take your skills to Australia when the frost months get too cold. The possibilities Future Information Technology Trends for those with information technology training not only transport from trade to industry, but they also outdo continental boundaries as well. D. EMERGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRENDS Traditionally, hotels were mostly dependant on cards and paperwork at the front desk to keep in meet with old and current customers. They were chiefly at the mercy of the wishes of vacationers to succeed, and on their own pains and force to be inclined for budding surges or long droughts of tenancy. Luckily, such inconvenience and old-fashioned methods are long since ancient, gratitude to advances in information technology. The first question in which information technology became important regarded billing. Old-fashioned paper-based book-keeping time-consuming and inefficient, and was not able briefly to tell a lodge holder what the avow of their lodge was. Luckily, advances in modern proof keeping tolerate for a lodge holder to keep pathway of what they have on hand, how much of it they have, and how much it outlay. Accounting is complicated, but future software, especially that tailored to the sole needs of the hospitality activity, helps to permit lodge owners to make smart decisions. Services and harvest that are no longer worn can be instantly cut off to prelude money, while those who show want can be augmented in magnitude or bespoke to diminish the important tradition. Most hotels are recurring with booking quarters and reservations over the telephone, but information technology has prolonged well past that. Hotels can now work with different online trek companies and booking military to have Emerging Information Technology Trends their rooms booked online, with no indigence to employ classy force. This also allows a lodge to announce their open rooms and unusual deals promptly to people who would be most to grasp them, instead of killing much money advertising in an unfocused mode. High worth information technology hence allows for better arrangement and management of booking to tolerate a lodge to better maximize residence, and to know in proceed when large groups or prop period are approaching. This allows a lodge manager to make strategy about transient pole, good times to renovate or inflate, or other concerns, because he/she can decide the state of their hotel currently and for the next few months with only a few clicks on the laptop. The advances in information Emerging Information Technology Trends technology proffer well afar booking, however. The internet is  necessary for vacationers who fancy to associate those back home, and for those nomadic on topic to get in feel with the bureau. Therefore, wireless internet has become a very ordinary and very helpful tune for hotels to supply. Many interest minded persons even entail that an hotel tender internet army so that they can keep running while on the street. Luckily, such army are easy to supply, as all that is required is a wireless router and diverse plans to guarantee the whole hotel is filled with the practice. Modern advances in wireless internet also permit for the wireless internet provided for hotel visitors to be used to group the hotel itself. Security cameras, door stresses, and other policy basic to hotel sanctuary and shelter can be Emerging Information Trends wired into the interact, so that workforce are alerted when a door is propped open, a fire alarm goes off or suspicious activity occurs. Though the hotel guests are wholly unaware of it, this variety of added safety and guarantee keeps them careful, and in the occasion of a puzzle they will almost surely appreciate the benefits of such system. As difficult as it is, information technology in the hospitality activity is still going ahead. Intelligent booking systems enable hasty and helpful guest opinion, along with the ability to predict who is likely to use the hotel again and tell them via e-packages or passage letters when a good deals appear. Hotels with scope mass or other guest services can tender menus online, allowing for abrupt updates, high-class photos, and other behavior to allow guests to see and order services before they even arrive. There also advances in terms of payroll and list which make information technology Emerging Information Technology Trends an effective asset for reduction money and maximizing profits. The sole quality of the hospitality trade makes it a great place for new and emerging information technology, and farther-opinion hotel owners and managers are forever looking for smart tools and software to invest in. E. HEALTHCARE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRENDS The utilization of technology in healthcare has opened the method for improvements in a limit of areas. One of the advantages and payback of fitness tending technology is the additional people are extant diseases like feeling and blight disease due to the fitness to identify them earlier than formerly skilled. With this ability comes the subsidy of being able to use a method that may be fewer extreme than one beloved as the disease grows. With a disease like Tuberculosis, as it metastasizes, the talent to struggle it and eliminate it gets harder and harder. Although, one more use of technology in healthcare has brought us newest drugs that can aim more precisely the particular scourge cells along with being more embattled in other areas. It has also brought us latest radiation Healthcare Information Technology Trends tools that can be far extra accurate and not have to use the shotgun manage to dig up to the tumor. The ray could even be bent about key body parts like glands and arteries so as not to injure them when focusing in that territory. One interesting and futuristic loan is the utilization of robots. You can now have a preset prostatectomy with an outcome that may be to the profit of the enduring. With the use of a robot in surgical procedure there is a slighter Healthcare Information Technology Trends opening and large incisions which is fewer torment for the tolerant, there is a smaller quantity of blood failure, an exclusive hazard of rigid cuts about delicate nerves and tendons which may allow the unwearied a pompous choice of not having poorer effects from the surgical procedure, and typically a shorter drape about in the hospice and a shorter recovery time. The accuracy of the robot is far more rigid than a surgeon using his/her hands lonesome. Robots are also programmed in such way that they can grip complicated situations. Another zone where robots are worn is in mandatory middle surgery. Again the accuracy and precision of the tools show the way to a bigger unplanned of a quicker recovery time and minus anguish to the patient. The finer incisions and the possibility of less blood harm are one advantage to using robots in a middle surgery. The dab Vinci Healthcare Information Technology Trends robot worn in the heart and growth surgeries and has the opportunity to be  worn in a range of areas where precision and accuracy are vital. III. EDUCATION Although computers are now common in the classroom that has not been the most significant step in their use as educational tools. I believe that distinction has to go to distance education. The concept is not all that new, because the idea of remote classrooms with a teacher appearing on television has been in place for decades. But the idea of conducting an entire class over the Internet is radically different. In distance education, the students may never set foot in a classroom at all. They will interact with the teacher and with their peers via email; they may participate in lectures via some sort of instant messaging service. The assignments are posted by the instructor, and the completed assignments are returned to him/her through email. Attending class by accessing the Internet does of course mean that the student cannot participate in a live exchange with his peers and the instructor, so in that sense the spontaneity of the classroom is missing. However, for students in very remote areas, or when classes are offered at one campus and not another, it is a viable solution, and it is made possible by IT. IV. PERSONAL USAGE Of course the single biggest item here is the personal computer. Having a computer at home has revolutionized life for millions of people around the globe. We tend to get our news from the computer; we may find ourselves in a discussion with someone on the other side of the planet; and we tour museums and shops in distant cities among many other uses. Many people now work from home (â€Å"telecommuting†) rather than physically going to the office. This saves road congestion and helps diminish pollution. Children and teens use the computer to help with their homework, and with the Internet, they have the entire world as a resource. V. CONCLUSION The impact of IT on society is hard to overestimate. Many of the developments, as I’ve indicated, have been positive, but there are some negatives as well, specifically a tendency to spent more time alone, or interacting only with the computer rather than with real people. Still, for most of us, IT has made a sizeable impact, and a positive one, on our lives. VI. REFERENCES http://www.cisp.org/imp/april_99/04_99kalil.htm http://www.wikipedia.com

Eulogy for Mother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Mother My brother, my sister and I had adopted a cat. We told our mom that we would take care of it, and feed it. Of course you know what happened. Our mom ended up taking care of it and feeding it. We told our mom the cat's name was Tiger. T i g e r. Now, if you’re Molly and you are originally from Trenton New Jersey, T i g e r is pronounced Tagger. In the morning to call the cat we would take our turns calling, "Here, Tiger, Tiger, Tiger, The cat would not come. Then we would wait for our mom to show up in her nightgown and call the cat. She'd call, "Here Tagger Tagger Tagger" and the cat would come. That is a humorous tale about my mom, but it is so typical of her life. The first thing she thought about when she woke up was meeting someone else's needs, not her own. She was feeding our cat. All of us in the family including myself would ask her to do things for us. Mom can you wash this, mom can you cook this, mom cam I borrow some money. She never hesitated to serve her family. She never said, "I'm to busy," or "I have to do this," or any other excuse. That cat would only come when she called it, because my mother knew how to talk and touch people's hearts. That cat responded, as so many other people have to her compassion. She had a compassionate heart. There was room for everybody, no exclusions. Just like Jesus. My Dad told me how he met my mom. They met at a dance at the YMCA in Trenton, New Jersey. While dancing, my dad stepped on her feet. Instead of apologizing for stepping on her feet my dad said, "I guess your just learning how to dance." My mom just looked at my dad and said, "yes I’m just learning." Not until later in their relationship did my dad find out that my mom had won dance contests. Another funny story, and if you knew my mom you appreciated her sense of humor and her love of laughter; but another example of how she led her life. Instead of saying something mean she put the burden on herself. And now I will tell you about all the times my mom said mean things to me and other people.

Dowry, an Investment System

Dowry system is when the bride’s family gives goods, money, or estate to her husband and his family during marriage (E. Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). This practice is mostly common in South Asia, specifically the Indian culture (E. Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). On the other hand is the practice of bride price system which is where the husband gives cattle, land or goods in exchange for a woman’s hand in marriage (Schwimmer, 2002). This is mostly practiced in Africa among traditional households, where it is a price for the economic services and children a woman adds to another family (Schwimmer, 2002).Dowry and bride price are mostly practiced in exchange for the bride’s well being (E. Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). There is a strong possibility that a wife might be mistreated if the dowry was not enough or satisfying for the groom’s family (E. Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). Most times if the husband leaves or mistreats his wife the dowry is to be returned to her (E. Pau ls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). It is also used as a means to discharge a husband of his duties to provide well for his wife, this is most common in marriages where two young people are wedded (E.Pauls Prine (Ed. ), 2008). Although the practice of dowry from the bride’s family to the groom’s is a norm in the Indian culture it the opposite for the African culture. Where as in Africa a groom’s family gives bride price to the bride’s family. These practices seen in the context of their culture are completely normal, but seen from a modern perspective are primitive and inhumane since they resemble a system of slave exchange (Schwimmer, 2002). This is due to the over turn in the practice in the twentieth century.In South Asian culture dowries have been demanded and paid to the groom’s family conjugating the term â€Å"groom price† (Maitra, 2007). In India it is evident that there is a great inflation in dowry practice (Maitra, 2007). There was also an ev ident increase in violence against brides who were unable to fulfill the dowry payment demanded (Maitra, 2007) . This was against the fact that in 1961 there was a Dowry Prohibition Act which made it illegal to give dowries (Maitra, 2007). This has flamed many women’s rights issues due to many cases of mistreatment of brides in India (Dowry system in, 2010).It is also criticized because it is not to provide for the bride in unforeseen circumstances but to appease the groom’s family’s greed (Dowry system in, 2010). For example, it was reported by the Vancouver Sun that a bride had died and her 13-month old daughter had suffered severe burns after the bride’s family started a fire after being dissatisfied with the dowry (Nelson, 2012). The article also highlighted that such dowry dissatisfaction causes for deaths of up to 8, 000 women in India each year (Nelson, 2012).Therefore, even though there is awareness of the cause of such mistreatment against women in India it is still a norm to practice dowry which can possibly put a daughter’s life in danger. Where as in the African culture the system of bride price is most practiced. Here bride payments are mostly interpreted as the wealth received by the bride’s family which compensates for the daughter that will be of economic use and will bare children for another family (Schwimmer, 2002). Among the Dani of New Guinea there are 3 occasions where a groom must give a bride’s family valuables, such a cattle or shells (Schwimmer, 2002).First, when the groom marries the bride and she starts working on his farm; second, when the groom has sexual rights to the bride and consummates the marriage; third, when his wife bears a child (Schwimmer, 2002). In the Igbo culture of South Africa, bride price is considered as the payment to have fertile woman and if the bride is not fertile or chooses to leave the marriage before producing children she must return the wealth given to he r family by the groom (Schwimmer, 2002). With such cases of bride price many men choose marry many women and it is usually the older man that marry before the young (Schwimmer, 2002).This is due to the fact that older men have had the time to accumulate more wealth and necessary resources to pay for a bride (Schwimmer, 2002). Such practices have also raised cases where the brides have been divorced or are infertility so the families of the bride have to return the price paid to the groom (Schwimmer, 2002). For example, in the Zulu culture in South Africa there is an exchange of cattle among the groom and the bride’s father or brother (Schwimmer, 2002). This exchange is called lobola and has to be returned if the bride is divorced or cannot bare children (Schwimmer, 2002).Also, in such cultures when a son receives his first lobola from his daughter’s marriage he must give it to his father as repayment for his marriage (Schwimmer, 2002). These practices observed by outsi des would resemble much to slave exchange; morally this is wrong yet it is normally practiced in South Africa because of its wide acceptance in the culture (Schwimmer, 2002). In conclusion, from an anthropological point of view there is a cultural norm set by traditions and human greed which causes for such immoral practices of dowry and bride price.Although, these practices are considered a norm in these cultures, an outsider observing would be very shocked to see such inhumane treatment of women. This is a type of degradation which is still to this day present even with government laws which prohibit against it (Dowry system in, 2010). In order for such practices to become a rarity and not a norm a strong education system for women is important this is a suggestion and an observation an anthropologist would make with a moral leniency. Bibliography: Nelson, D. (2012, 10 16). Woman dies in dowry spat.The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved from http://www. vancouversun. com/Woman+dies+dowry+sp at/7395783/story. html Woman in coma after suicide attempt dies in sardarnagar. (2012, 10 30). Times Of India. Retrieved from http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/city/ahmedabad/Woman-in-coma-after-suicide-attempt-dies-in-Sardarnagar/articleshow/17012521. cms Dowry system in india. In (2010). Country Facts & Information. Kwintessential Ltd. Retrieved from http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/articles/india/Dowry-System-in-India/3024 Dowry. In (2008). E. Pauls Prine (Ed. , Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/170540/dowry Maitra, S. (2007). Dowry and bride price. In (2nd ed. ). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Retrieved from http://dept. econ. yorku. ca/~smaitra/SMaitra_IESS. pdf Schwimmer, B. (2002, 05). Bride wealth. Retrieved from http://www. umanitoba. ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/tutor/marriage/bride_wealth. html (Schwimmer, 2002) Bridewealth. In (2012). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www. britannic a. com/EBchecked/topic/79255/bridewealth

Soils: The Unseen Earth that Nurtures Society

Dirts or the Unobserved Earth that Nurtures Society 1. The Sumerians are considered the â€Å"inventors of agriculture† where they practiced intensive, year-around agribusiness. Intensive agriculture allowed unmanaged dirts to supply foods to workss in sums that related to the soil’s alimentary supply capacity. It produced large-scale cultivations of land where they besides practiced monocropping and organized irrigation. Mechanization and chemical fertilisers and pesticides are other factors to assist increase outputs in production. Intensive agribusiness allowed early civilisations to populate more sustainable lives. It allowed unmanaged dirts to supply foods to workss in sums related to the soil’s alimentary supply capacity. It besides aided in feeding larger populations from a smaller land base due to higher harvest outputs. A little labour force was needed in agribusiness along with needing to be mechanized. Due to this, the economic sciences improved when it was focused around a big, centralized production system. Because of intensive agribusiness, the Sumerians were able to make a excess of storable nutrient that enabled the population to settle in one topographic point, farther leting an accretion of extra merchandise. It flourished because they were able to specialise their labour force in the ways of agribusiness therefore taking to a greater population denseness. With a turning population, an addition in production was able to go on because intensive agriculture allowed higher harvest outputs to be produced from smaller land bases. The Sumerians finally over exploited their cedar woods in order to back up the initiation of their metropolis, Ur, during the Bronze Age. They created log transit in the rivers, which increased the salinization. Salinization is the 2nd largest cause of dirt debasement and due to salinization ; there was a progressive diminution in harvest outputs. Finally, this so led to the autumn of the Sumerians. Forests and Human Survival 10. The tundra is the least disturbed biome proved by its statistic of being disturbed by about.3 % by worlds. It proves to be a hard country to populate in because of its cold temperature and limited tree growing. Well-established workss can non last here because deep root systems are impossible to organize due to the bed of permafrost. Permafrost is the chief commanding factor as to why such small flora grows within this biome. The tundra contains blunt landscapes and dirt that is frozen for most of the twelvemonth. It is besides characterized by bare and bouldery land, doing trees hard to turn. All of the flora that is able to turn here are adapted to high air currents that invariably disturb the dirt. Plants are short and bunch together to defy the cold temperatures and are protected by the snow during the winter. Although workss are frequently ephemeral and little here, they can transport out photosynthesis at low temperatures and low visible radiation strengths. The turning sea sons are short and merely last between 50-60 yearss. Most workss reproduce by budding and division instead than by blooming. Turning big harvests would be hard within the tundra because of the tundra’s utmost clime. Agriculture is an of import portion to a turning civilisation and due to the tundra’s highly cold clime and unsustainable resources, it makes establishment hard. The tundra besides experiences small precipitation during the twelvemonth doing the clime seem desert-like. During the summer, the top bed of dirt thaws doing the land free and boggy. Besides, the bed of permafrost does non run excessively far below the surface hence, making lakes and fens on the surface. An unstable land does non back up lasting residences. Dead organic stuff serves as a beginning of foods, therefore supplying P and N. Biodiversity is low within the tundra while besides incorporating low population Numberss of the animate beings that do live here. The big mammals frequently migrate or hibernate so nutrient beginnings are non wholly consistent. During the long winters, mammals that hibernate would turn out to supply a nutrient deficit to dwellers that tried to populate here. Because a person’s chief beginning for meat migrates, this would coerce the household to go mobile as good merely like the Laplanders that lived in this part. Seal meat is an option, but it does non make a balanced diet. Humans would hold to look to kelp or other workss for farther nutrition. Due to these grounds, the tundra proves to be more of an utmost environment that makes it difficult for human endurance. Ecological Constraints in Torrid zones 1. Tropical woods are located between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn and are characterized by the mean air temperature being above 75 grades Fahrenheit. Almost all tropical woods lie near the equator. Tropical woods are besides really damp and can be hurt if they receive well less sums of rainfall. These woods are known to incorporate high biodiversity, hapless dirts and workss that are toxic due to their defensive chemicals. Although tropical woods contain high biodiversity in workss and animate beings, they do non incorporate high Numberss in microbic biodiversity. Worlds are besides found to hold short life spans in these parts due to their exposure to disease. Yet, worlds are still able to pull out many resources from tropical woods that prove to be helpful in mundane stuffs. Latexes, resins, and medical specialties are common resources extracted from the woods every bit good as fibre, tannic acids and cork. Latexes that exist within bark are used as the treeâ€℠¢s manner of defence against marauding insects. It is besides used in the production of masticating gum and some electrical insulating compounds. About a one-fourth of all the medical specialties people use comes from rainforest workss. The tubocurarine is a works that comes from a tropical vine that is known for its toxicant that can paralyse. Worlds have been able to pull out this plant’s toxicant in order to utilize for runing. It is besides known to be used in surgeries as a musculus relaxant and anaesthetic. Quinine, from the Peruvian bark tree, is used to handle malaria. It is estimated that about 1,400 assortments of tropical workss are exploited medically and thought to be possible remedies for malignant neoplastic disease. Tropical woods house about half of the world’s works and animate being species yet merely cover approximately 6 % of the Earth’s land surface. Some features of animate beings found in the wood are distinguishable forms with bright colourss, loud voices, and diets heavy on fruits. Insects make up the largest population of animate beings that live in the tropical woods. They include brilliantly coloured butterflies, mosquitoes, stick insects, and immense settlements of emmets. The Amazon river basin rain forest contains a wider assortment of works and carnal life than any other biome in the universe. Over 80 % of people live along the Amazon river and grow harvests in these countries. The river provides all human endurance demands such as H2O for imbibing, bathing, rinsing and even their bathroom. Folktales such as the Pink Dolphin is popular amongst the people who live by the Amazon river that says Botos, or the Pink Dolphins, turn into fine-looking work forces and come onto shore to infuse adult females in order to explicate why the pregnant adult female has no hubby. The Amazon river’s H2O degrees rise approximately one time a twelvemonth to every bit much as 24 pess. The people populating on the Amazon’s shore have adapted by constructing their house on piles in order to suit to the lifting H2O degrees. The implosion therapy of the river helps to scatter seeds and go around different species of fish. Large fish frequently acquire stranded in lakes when the H2O recedes and communities have learned to pull off these lakes as a beginning of nutrient. Some of the bi g fish that acquire caught is the Pirarucu. It is the largest fresh H2O fish in the universe that can make lengths of 15 pess. It has shrunk in size from the past due to take down food degrees. The dwellers that live along the Amazon river are in the Riparian zone, which is the country right following to the river. It contains the most productive dirts and is dependent on river implosion therapy for cycling. The Riparian zone contrasts with non inundation field dirts because they contain high Numberss in clay and high Numberss in toxic elements as good. The trees within tropical woods prove to be alone every bit good. Their huge tallness and consecutive short pantss characterize many trees. Their short pantss do non ramify out for 100 pess or more because subdivisions are non able to last below the canopy where there is small sunlight. A bulk of the trees have smooth and thin bark because of the warm temperatures, there is no demand to protect themselves from H2O loss or freezing temperatures. Their smooth bark makes them resistant to air plants and works parasites to attach themselves to their short pantss. The trees physically look instead similar and can merely be characterized by their budding flowers. A tropical wood contains beds which are identified as the emergent, upper canopy, understory and forest floor.Emergent trees are characterized by being spaced widely apart with umbrella-shaped canopies that grow above the forest. They tend to hold little, pointed foliages because of their exposure to dry air currents. Some species of emergent trees lose their foliages during the brief dry season in monsoon rain forests. These elephantine trees have straight, smooth short pantss with few subdivisions. Their root system is really shallow, so in order to back up their size they grow buttresses that can distribute out to a distance of 30 pess. These buttresses relieve force per unit area and weight to the outer subdivisions. The upper canopy of 60 to 130 pes trees is the most open to sunlight. Due to this, it causes big sums of shadiness to the beds below it. Most of the rain forest ‘s animate beings live in the upper canopy. The readily available nutrient beginnings lay within the upper canopy so animate beings barely have to travel down to the forest floor. The sloth, an animate being that lives in the upper canopy, merely makes it manner down to the forest floor one time a hebdomad as a bathroom trip. The foliages in the upper canopy contain trickle spouts that allow rain to run off. This helps keeps the foliages dry and prevents cast and mold from organizing in this humid environment. The following bed is the understory. The trees that live in this bed are around 60 pess tall. The understory is usually place to the short pantss of trees, bushs, little trees and other workss. The humidness found at this degree is really high due to small air motion. Because the upper canopy creates a batch of shadiness to the beds below, this degree receives really small sunshine and is invariably in the shadiness. Due to this, it is hard for big flora to turn here. The forest floor is usually wholly shaded. On the floor, few shrubs or workss grow here because of the deficiency of sunshine. Studies show that approximately less than 1 % of the sunshine that hits the upper canopy reaches the forest floor. Small flora grows here because the top bed of dirt is really thin and hapless in foods. Debris falls from the upper canopies onto the floor that serves as foods for decomposers such as worms, Fungis and other decomposers. At the forest floor, the humidness is really high due to even less air motion but it besides helps to interrupt down dust on the forest floor. The tree’s shallow roots besides absorb the organic affair from the dust. The air beneath the lower canopy is really humid due to miss of air motion and the upper canopy barricading the sun’s rays. The trees give off H2O through pores in their bole through a procedure of transpiration which accounts for about half of the forests’ precipitation. Due to the forests’ high precipitation rate, workss have adapted foliages that shed H2O reasonably rapidly so they are non weighed down by the H2O and interruption. Besides, in order to absorb every bit much sunshine as possible, the foliages are wide and really big in the understory. Some trees are even found to hold chaffs that turn with the motion of the Sun in order to absorb every bit much sunshine as possible. In contrast with the lower degrees of the forest, in the upper canopies, where the foliages are exposed to much of the sunshine, they have adapted to be little and dark in order to cut down H2O loss. Dominant species do non be in tropical rain forests. This biodiversity and separation of the species enables them to be less vulnerable to mass taint and prevent die-off from disease or insect infestation. Animals depend on the turning seasons of the blooming and fruiting of rain forest workss in order to provide them with a year-around beginning of nutrient. Forest and Human Development Index 1. The Human Development Index measured a country’s development by uniting indexs of life anticipation, educational attainment and income into a composite homo development index. The Human Development Index created a frame for both societal and economic development. The HDI sets a lower limit and a maximal for each dimension, called goalposts, and so shows where each state stands in relation to these goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A high HDI addition human ability to accommodate to alter and increase human resilience. High HDI states are by and large exceeding on instruction, wealth and their economic system. They normally exist within medium climates instead than extreme climes because they are excessively difficult to populate in. Norway was voted # 1 in HDI, or the best topographic point to populate. 37 % of its woods cover entire land country. Hong Kong was voted # 21 in HDI with a 17 % wood screen. The United States was voted # 12 in HDI and had 28 % woo d screen. The wood to set down distribution within the United States is equal to its distribution globally whereas land used for nutrient production is more than two times higher than what it is globaly. By and large, states with a high HDI have nice per centum in wood covering their entire land country yet high HDI have lower forest screen than average HDIs. Some myths include that high populations correlate to unsustainable picks made by its population yet it is non population denseness that determines this, but picks. A sustainability myth such as high population densenesss equates to unsustainable picks states that states with high populations are more likely overexploit their resources. This is non needfully true because the myth fails to admit that it is instead the picks a society makes on how it consumes its resources. States with high development rankings have differing population densenesss that don’t correlate to their sustainability patterns. Netherlands has one o f the highest population densenesss with 393 n/km2while Sweden merely has 20 n/km2. Yet both are ranked high in development. Surveies show that less labour in agribusiness or forestry or the more labour in service industries produces a higher HDI rank. In order to expose traditional ways of judging how good a state is making, the Human Development Index efforts to make a simple composite step of human development in order to convert the populace, faculty members, and policy-makers that they can and should measure development non merely by economic progresss but besides betterments in human wellbeing. Other histories that were believed to be taken into consideration when finding a country’s wellbeing is by analysing the other capablenesss cardinal to a fulfilling life that include the ability to take part in the determinations that affect one’s life, to hold control over one’s life environment, to bask freedom from force, to hold other’s regard, and to loosen up and merely hold merriment. Health, instruction and income are the chief three make up one's minding factors to a country’s HDI because they are universally valued around the universe and mensurable indexs. Health proves to be one of the most of import indexs people possess to be alive. Peoples are concerned with holding to avoid premature decease by disease or hurt and to populate in a healthy environment, to keep a healthy life style, and to achieve the highest possible criterion of physical and mental wellness. Education is indispensable in order to make single freedom, self-government, and autonomy. Income is indispensable to run intoing basic demands like nutrient and shelter. Importantly, income straight or indirectly ties the other cardinal factors together such as a nice instruction ; safe, clean life ; and individualisation. Plants Cited Michael G. â€Å"Tropical Rainforest.† 2001. Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rainforest.htm â€Å"The Tundra Biome† . Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Reports: â€Å"Human Development Index.† Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi Measure of America: â€Å"Human Development.† 2014. Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.measureofamerica.org/human-development/

Medicare Ambulatory Paymant System Essay Example

Medicare Ambulatory Paymant System Essay Example Medicare Ambulatory Paymant System Paper Medicare Ambulatory Paymant System Paper Ambulatory payment system commonly referred to as the Ambulatory Payment Category (APC) was adopted by the United States government in order to facilitate easy, faster and convenient outpatient services for the Medicare program. The federal government through it budget act of 1997, it established a new program under the major medical cover that takes care of the old people to create what is called Outpatient Prospective payment system abbreviated as OPPS. This method is only applicable to hospitals and that physicians could get their payment through other means like the current procedural terminology. The Ambulatory payment category usually come to use when a patient is discharged from the hospital’s emergency department or clinic or get a transfer to another health facility which is not allied to the hospital of origin where the patient was initially treated as an outpatient. Basically the ambulatory payment system begun as a federal government’s initiative and have gained popularity in that the state programs like Medicaid is also considering adoption of the same method. If these programs keep on succeeding, definitely the third part insurance companies in the healthcare system may also adopt it. Establishment The balanced budget act of the year 1997 (BBA) section 4523 gives authority and allows CMS to execute the prospective payment system which operated under the Medicare program and servicing the outpatients. This act was modified in 1999 and all the services that are paid under this prospective payment system are categorized into various groups which are termed as ambulatory payment classifications (APC’s). Generally all the services in the ambulatory payment system have comparable resource requirement and are identical or clinically similar. Services in each APC are reimbursed according to the services provided by the hospital and the hospitals could be paid for more than one APC for a single encounter (Medicare 1998). The modification of the section 4523 of balanced budget led to changes in the method of determining the beneficiary coinsurance for the services provided under the prospective payment system. In essence a coinsurance amount is calculated for every APC depending on the 20% of the national median payment for services in the APC. The coinsurance amount remains constant with any changes until the time when the amount becomes 20% of the total APC reimbursement. The act also provides that not amount of coinsurance would be greater than the yearly deductibles of the hospital inpatient. The two amounts, that is APC payment and coinsurance will be adjusted to indicate the geographic salary variation by use of the hospital age index and the assumption that the part of the payment or coinsurance that is attributed to labor is 60% (Hyman 2005). The proposed changes in the medical program of the United States targets to the Medicaid and Medicare programs since they major bodies that are concerned with healthcare coverage for the old who generally cannot afford a health insurance (third party coverage) US Division of the Federal Register. (2005). The federal operates the Medicare program and it’s the main source of the transformation initiative. Under this, the payment rates in following sections of Medicare will be transformed; payment rates for 2009, ambulatory surgical center 2009, hospital conditions of participation etc. The Previous Medicare Payment System There are three basic methods by which the citizens of the United States take care of their medical bill and they are; Medicare program, Medicaid program and the third party cover by insurance companies. It is estimated that the hospitals in the US receive over thirty percent of their revenue from the Medicare program. Most of the payments made directly to the hospitals by the program come from the inpatient cases and this is approximated to be about 88% while the rest covers the outpatients (Medicare 1998). The method used by the Medicare to cover expenses by the inpatient is as follows, there several disease conditions which are categorized as the diagnosis related groups (DRGs) there are about 600 cases in the groups and the Medicare only pays flat rates for a single hospital session. Each DRG is assigned certain weight and to compute the actual fee to be paid in each of the DRGs for a specific year, the DRGs relative payment weight is multiplied by the monetary exchange factor of that particular year is dollars. The value obtained is further adjusted in accordance to the variations in the labor cost of that region and of other facility inputs and for the local factors that could result in variations in the price of providing care(Hyman 2005). In order to take care of the complicated cases whose resources use significantly excesses that foreseen in the closest DRG, the system gives the outlier imbursement that in principle are meant to imply the estimates by the hospital for providing the extra supplies and services employed. The DRG weight that are being used were initially (since early 1980s) based on the relative average expenses of cases in the DRG’s. Some changes have been made to the calculation including average standardized, paid expenses for all cases that fall into each DRG in the recent Medicare records. The DRGs have since then been adjusted based on the standard, paid expenses of for all the cases that are covered under each of the DRGs in the current Medicare documents (Cleverley Cameron 2006). The outpatients initially compensated the hospital in a retrospective manner for the allowable, costs incurred for which the owners of the Medicare were supposed to make co-payments. These payments increased considerably since the early 1980s and by 1997 they were about 50% of the whole amount of healthcare expenses for the outpatient services. This called for some intervention and in 1997; a balanced budget act was established to drive the Medicare into controlling the apparently inflationary, full cost compensation system with a new one that would adopt a prospective cost schedule, and that the basic unit for the payment would be a specific service or procedure (Hyman 2005). This schedule was meant to be effected in the new millennium. In its efforts to develop new fee calendar, Medicare had to package as much as reasonable the whole set of supplies and services linked with main procedure into one large group. The groups were to contain the main processes that are clinically comparable and used equivalent amount of resources. These groupings were done according to the ambulatory payment categorization (APC) that was designed by researchers in the health services study and investigation undertakings. These APC’s are still developing and expanding as the Medicare program attains greater heights of knowledge and experience as well as with the advent of new technologies (Medicare 1998). Similar to the DRG system that is used in the inpatient system to pay hospital bills, APC dollar amount is also derived by multiplication of the relative cost weight of the specific APC (founded on the median of the particular APC) by a monetary exchange factor. Additional adjustments are made by considering aspects like cost of facilities, salaries and other factors that contribute to the cost of outpatient medication. The Medicare system is very complicated, partly because of the government’s involvement to regulate the operations of the system and ensuring fairness, responsibility, and meeting the social objectives. Most of the critics of the program overlook the fact that these obligations are a driving force to the public medical service and a challenge to the privatized medical care services (Hyman 2005). Nonetheless, the myriad of distinct imbursement schemes for the United States private insurance companies are complicated as well, by the global standards and mostly still founded on paper claims. The Transformations Last year there were announcements by the Medicare program about the new rule to increase the reimbursement rate for hospital outpatient sections and the ambulatory surgical departments by 3% throughout 2009 however those that do not comply with the new quality reporting regulation will see that pay rate increase only by one percent. It’s generally the first time that the services provided by the Medicare program are correlated to the quality of the services. The Medicare intends to entrench a culture of cautious purchasing of medical services from hospitals not based on the quantity alone but also quality and this would be in effect by the strict observance of the rule builds on transforming the program. Researches in the medical sector trends have indicated that more people prefer the outpatient settings as opposed to the inpatient service. For this reason, the center for Medicare administrator (CMS), Kerry Weems last year declared that Medicare would commit itself to work in conjunction with the hospital so as to make sure that their clients (people with Medicare) get the best quality of healthcare and in proper settings(Medicare 1998). The proposed changes for the year 2009 are meant to allow the hospital more fluidity in their operations so that management of the resources is improved and also give them the incentive to enhance the effectiveness where both beneficiaries and citizens (taxpayers) get the best worth for their healthcare expenses. The proposed rule to start operation in 2009 will ensure that there are up to date rates of payment in both the outpatient prospective payment system and ambulance surgery center prospective system (ASC-PPS) which would operational in the second year would seek to put in the same category the ASC rates and ambulatory payment classification groups that are currently used for reimbursement of the outpatient hospital department. The new rule will also address the 3% update on inflation rate per year to Medicare payment rates for most services that would be paid by the outpatient prospective payment system to an excess of over 4,000 hospitals and community mental healthcare centers in Calendar Year 2009. There are more changes in the in the new proposed changes to take care of the outpatient services provided by general acute care hospitals, community mental care facility, inpatient psychotherapy amenities, long-term acute care hospitals, pediatric hospital and cancer hospitals(Medicare 1998). The centre for Medicare and Medicaid projected that hospitals in the United States would receive about $28. 7 billion in Calendar Year 2009 for services provide to people who have Medicare coverage. In addition to that, center for Medicare and Medicaid will pay about $ 3. 9 billion in the year 2009 to over five thousand people who operate ambulatory surgery center program with Medicare. This is a major improvement in the health care sector since in the past years; the payment of the outpatient services was not in accordance with the quality of healthcare provided (Cleverley Cameron 2006). In the new preview, the proposed changes will demand that the outpatient prospective payment system updates be cut down by at least 2% for hospitals which do not comply with the quality reporting demands. For the reports to be fully informative and up to date, for the services provided in the year 2009, the hospitals will be required by the new law to give reports of the year 2008 on seven quality dimension of emergency department and pre-operative surgical procedures. Initially the seven dimensions were not strictly considered because of laxity but the new CMS has introduced four new dimensions of imaging effectiveness to the seven presented value measures for reason that it would useful for 2010 updates. CMS also intends to introduce public comment on other quality measures in sectors like the testing for the probable risk of cancer. Center for Medicare and Medicaid services seeks to improve and reinforce the program and enhance association between the value of care and Medicare imbursement, by obtaining public comment on the various options and contemplations for transforming payment methods for offering treatment to the conditions that are basically preventable if the practitioner follows the established guidelines. Currently, the center for Medicare and Medicaid is working on a policy implementation strategy to offer a similar change to the inpatient services as provided for by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005. Under such regulations, the CMS will not make high payment rates to the hospitals for the giving treatment to various disease conditions which are predetermined to be realistically preventable as provided in the guidelines when they are attained during the patient’s stay in the hospital. For this, the hospitals will have an incentive to provide quality healthcare by following the guidelines already in place to cut down the number of cases that get infected by preventable conditions that occur as a consequence of the treatment (Medicare 1998). When these changes are fully followed and strictly observed, then the healthcare will have attained that status that one can comfortably say that it is reliable and of good quality services. Proposed Changes for Imaging Services There are instances when several imaging services are provided in one session, the CMS is also seeking to promote greater effectiveness by changing its way of making such payments for the multiple services in one sitting. This means that CMS will only make single imbursement for the multiple imaging services of a specific type for instance several ultrasound processes done in one session in the healthcare facility. Apart from the ultrasound processes, CMS will also include other services like the magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computer Tomography scans (CT-scans). The proposal also covers the changes that have to be used to enhance the accuracy of healthcare cost estimates which are used to set up prices for drugs and biologically active substances, United States Division of the Federal Register. (2005). Medical Cost Decrease According the statement by the management of Medicare program, the amount of expenses that the Medicare beneficiary would pay for the outpatient will decrease depending on the strategy put in place by the Medicare regulation which will translate to gradual changeover to 20% coinsurance. Before the implementation of the changes in outpatient prospective payment system (OPPS) for the year 2000, those serviced by Medicare used to take care of about 20% of the hospitals expenses instead of the 20% of the Medicare charges for services given to outpatients(Hyman 2005). Since the medical cost in hospital rose at a faster rate compared to the Medicare coverage for the same services, the Medicare beneficiaries share usually got beyond 50% of the whole amount paid to the hospital for the services. In the estimates made by the CMS analysts, about 25% of all the services that would be provided to the outpatients will be subjected to 20% coinsurance in the year 2009 cutting down from the 23% that was being used in 2008. The Benefits The anticipated transformation in the handling of the outpatient under the Medicare program is expected to bring about some uneasy feelings and also different reactions for different people. However most will agree that it will provide a very effective tool for the management to ensure that the management is efficient and also initiate responsibility and as a result, the profitability of the facilities will increase (Medicare 1998). The introduction of the Diagnosis Related Grouper (DRGs) for the compensation of the inpatients in 1983 was also faced with so much resistance with many critics insinuating that it would be a flop and the prospective payment would result in more problems. Contrary to the prediction of the critics, there were so many improvements in the superseding years in the overall operating margins for the inpatient services in most of the hospitals according to data from American Hospital Association. A similar improvement is anticipated in the year 2009 onwards in the outpatient services which will give the owners a lot of convenience and great assistance. The managers in particular will have a succinct data structure of management which will translate to efficiency because this is a very important tool for addressing product line concerns (Cleverley Cameron 2006). The information obtained will be used for the evaluation of the outpatient services, to practice expense regulation and to precisely bargain managed healthcare contracts. Most of the benefits will be enjoyed by mangers and those serviced by the Medicare program which means the plan is cost effective and that none of the parties involved will be exploited. The major benefits include the following; managers will have a means of spotting and correcting problems in the practice for instance inaccurate coding, unfinished documentation process and unwarranted supplementary services (Hyman 2005); the APC system will provide a method of facilitating cost reduction, comparison of expenses, alleviate instances of payment delays and carry out financial evaluations like the profit and loss calculation and analyses; the financial manger will be in comfortable position when making measurement of there competitiveness, making comparisons of the services with other local or even the national standards; outpatient hospital financial administrator can be able to develop case mix or make other measurements of resources utilization based on the number of people serviced, such kind of information can de very beneficial in the evaluation of the managed healthcare contracts; and finally the execution of the proposed changes in the OPPS section of Medicare w ill enable easy and accurate predictability of the imbursement which means that the manager can authenticate the accurateness of the compensation received (Cleverley Cameron 2006). Conclusion The transition in the needs of the US citizens and the globalization process has led to the increased need to improve healthcare. It such efforts, the health care practitioners and providers can work together to provide services to the clients. The development of the Ambulatory payment system (APC’s) was intended to provide quality healthcare on fee for service terms because of the development of the information sector and free market situation. Furthermore APC’s are also aimed at transferring some of the monetary risk for the services offered to the outpatient from the federal government to specific hospitals that provide the services and in this way, it is cost effective to operate the program. This is considered an inducement to better performance which is economical, efficient and profitable References Cleverley W. O Cameron (2006). Essentials of Health Care Finance. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Hyman D (2005). Improving Healthcare. A Dose of Competition. A Report by the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice (July, 2004), with Various Supplementary Materials. Birkhauser. Medicare (1998). Prospective Payment System for Hospital Outpatient Services. Proposed Rules. Federal Register. Retrieved on 17th February 2009 from acess. opo. gov/su. docs/aces/aces140html United States Division of the Federal Register. (2005). Code of Federal Regulations. United States Federal Register Division. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration

Comparison Between Two political parties in Chile (PPD; PS) essays

Comparison Between Two political parties in Chile (PPD; PS) essays This project is based upon comparing two contemporary parties to each other, and then to the parties of Chile in the XIXth century. But before one can start to study this aspect, they must answer the question: "What is a political party?" By dictionary definition, the reply is: "An established political group organized to promote and support its principles and candidates for public office." We agree with this statement. A party is a gathering of people to promote their ideals and wishes in the government. Every party has it's leader and members, and is constantly in a battle to achieve presidency over the country. To do this they must gather support fom the people, oftentimes presenting them with statements that say that the people's wishes will come true, should the party rise to power. This incentive, of course, makes people vote. This project begins by analyzing both parties, in all their aspects; and then goes on to compare them to each other. Finally, we compare these parties to the parties in XIXth century Chile. Description of the Parties Being Compared The main principle of this party is to employ all forms of socialism in all aspects of society; maintaining that they have upheld socialism for all of their existence. They state that capitalism is a vile way of ruling a country; that it places "egotistical and separatist" thoughts in the minds of the people who they govern. This party aims to use democracy as a method of uniting all the aspects of society, to give them all a fair right to speak. They quote: "La democracia, para los socialistas, es el sistema polà ­tico que debe asegurar la convivencia entre los diversos componentes de la sociedad e inducir, por tanto, al desarrollo de los valores de la solidaridad y de la participacin ciudadana en todas las esferas de la vida social." This party claims that the economy of Chile is quite inneficient. According to their figures, for every 5% increase in produ...

The Architectural Pediment and How to Use It

The Architectural Pediment and How to Use It A pediment is a low-pitched triangular gable originally found on temples in ancient Greece and Rome. Pediments were reinvented during the Renaissance and later imitated in Greek Revival and Neoclassical house styles of the 19th and 20th centuries. Use of pediments has been freely adapted in many styles of architecture, yet remains most closely associated with Greek and Roman (i.e., Classical) derivatives. The word pediment is thought to have come from the word meaning pyramid, as the triangular pediment has a spatial dimension similar to the pyramid. Use of Pediments Originally the pediment had a structural function. As the  Jesuit priest Marc-Antoine Laugier explained in 1755, the pediment is one of only three essential elements of what Laugier called the basic primitive hut. For many Greek temples, first made of wood, the triangular geometry had a structural function. Fast forward 2,000 years from ancient Greece and Rome to the Baroque period of art and architecture, when the pediment became an ornamental detail to be extravagantly modified. Pediments are most often used today to create a solid, regal, stately look-and-feel to the architecture, such as is used for banks, museums, and government buildings. Often, the triangular space is filled with symbolic statuary when a message need be proclaimed. The space within a pediment is sometimes called the tympanum, although this word more commonly refers to the Medieval-era arch areas over a doorway decorated with Christian iconography. In residential architecture, pediments are commonly found above windows and doorways. Examples of Pediments The Pantheon in Rome proves just how far back in time pediments were used - at least 126 A.D. But pediments were around before that, as can be seen in ancient cities around the world, like the UNESCO World Heritage site of Petra, Jordan, the Nabataean caravan city influenced by Greek and Roman rulers. Whenever architects and designers turn to ancient Greece and Rome for ideas, the result will likely include the column and the pediment. The Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries was such a time -- a rebirth of Classical designs by the architects Palladio (1508-1580) and Vignola (1507-1573) leading the way. In the United States, American statesman Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) influenced the architecture of a new nation. Jeffersons home, Monticello, incorporates Classical design by using not only a pediment but also a dome - very much like the Pantheon in Rome. Jefferson also designed the Virginia State Capitol Building in Richmond, Virginia, which influenced the federal government buildings being planned for Washington, D.C. Irish-born architect James Hoban (1758-1831) brought Neoclassical ideas from Dublin to the new capital when he modeled the White House after the Leinster House in Ireland. In the 20th century, pediments can be seen throughout America, from the New York Stock Exchange in Lower Manhattan to the 1935 U.S. Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. and then on to the 1939 mansion known as Graceland near Memphis, Tennessee. Definition pediment: the triangular gable defined by the crown molding at the edge of a gabled roof and the horizontal line between the eaves. -   John Milnes Baker, AIA Other Uses of the Word Pediment Antique dealers will often use the word pediment to describe an ornate flourish in Chippendale-era furniture. Because the word describes a shape, it is often used to describe man-made and natural shapes. In geology, a pediment is a sloping formation caused by erosion. Five Types of Pediments 1. Triangular Pediment: The most common pediment shape is the pointed pediment, a triangle framed by a cornice or ledge, with the apex at the top, two symmetrical straight lines  sloping to the ends of a horizontal cornice. The rake or angle of the slope can vary. 2. Broken Pediment: In a broken pediment, the triangular outline is non-continuous,  open at the top, and without a point or vertex. The broken space is usually at the top apex (eliminating the top angle), but sometimes at the bottom horizontal side. Broken pediments are often found on antique furniture. A swan-necked or rams head pediment is a type of broken pediment in a highly ornamented S-shape. Broken pediments are found in Baroque architecture, a period of experimentalism in detail, according to Professor Talbot Hamlin, FAIA. The pediment became an architectural detail with little or no structural function. Baroque detail thus became a matter of the increasingly free modification of forms originally classic, to made them sensitive to every possible nuance of emotional expression. Pediments were broken and their sides curved and scrolled, separated by cartouches, or urns; columns were twisted, moldings duplicated and reduplicated to give sharp emphasis, and broken suddenly out and in where a complexity of shadow was desired. - Hamlin, p. 427 3. Segmental Pediment: Also called round or curved pediments, segmental pediments contrast with triangular pediments in that they have a round cornice replacing two sides of the traditional triangular pediment. A segmental pediment might complement or even be called a curvilinear tympanum. 4. Open Pediment: In this type of pediment, the usual strong horizontal line of the pediment is absent or nearly absent. 5. Florentine Pediment:  Before Baroque, architects of the early Renaissance, when sculptors became architects, developed a decorative styling of pediments. Over the years, this architectural detail became known as Florentine pediments, after their use in Florence, Italy. It consists of a semicircular form placed above the entablature, and as wide as the enclosing columns or pilasters. Usually a simple ban of moldings runs around it, and the semicircular field below is often decorated with a shell, although sometimes molded panels and even figures are found. Little rosettes and leaf and flower forms are usually used to fill the corner between the ends of the semicircle and the cornice below, and also as a finial at the top. - Hamlin, p. 331 Pediments for the 21st Century Why do we use pediments? They give a sense of tradition to a home, in the Western Classical architecture sense. Also, the geometric design itself is innately pleasing to the human senses.  For todays homeowners, creating a pediment is a rather simple, inexpensive way to add decoration - usually over a door or window. Have pediments gone sideways? Todays modern skyscraper architects use triangles for structural strength as well as beauty. David Childs design for One World Trade Center (2014) is a good example of aesthetically pleasing grandeur. Norman Fosters Hearst Tower (2006) is filled with triangulation; its beauty is up for discussion. Sources American House Styles: A Concise Guide by John Milnes Baker, AIA, Norton, 1994, p. 175Architecture through the Ages by Talbot Hamlin, Putnam, Revised 1953, pp. 444, 427, 331Furniture with broken pediment Agostini/A. Dagli Orti/Getty Images (cropped)Broken Pediment on Residential Portico Richard Leo Johnson/Getty Images (cropped)Contrasting pediments Julian Castle/ArcaidImages/Getty ImagesPediments over windows Brian Bumby/Getty Images

Sonny Blue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sonny Blue - Research Paper Example Because it is not limited by fact, proof or dimension, fiction can focus on fundamental truths to a much greater degree as only those elements that speak to that truth need be used. The reader is then guided through a targeted message, where numerous elements combine to suggest the underlying nature of human existence. This capacity to reveal human nature within fiction is especially helpful when attempting to depict various ways of life, or aspects of social culture. Quality fiction, regardless of when it was written or the length of the written text, can reveal significant aspects of human nature and thus reveal us to ourselves as we identify various elements of the story with our everyday lives. Literature such as James Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† illuminates the way in which the unique sounds of the black neighborhood serves as a sort of life-raft to the multi-faceted melody of the soul, symbolizing how individuals are different and communicati ng the extreme importance and value of listening. James Baldwin spent most of his adult life living in France, but is widely recognized as an essentially American writer. Having been born and raised in New York’s Harlem district, he was intimately familiar with the sights and sounds that appeared in his stories even though he’d put an entire ocean between them. Born in 1924 to an unmarried woman placed a stigma on his head that would continue to haunt him and cause friction between himself and his adoptive father, David Baldwin (Leeming, 1994). Although seen to attempt following the straight and narrow course outlined for him by his father in becoming a Pentecostal preacher at age 14, by the time he was 17 Baldwin had moved to the artist’s neighborhood of Greenwich Village and was beginning his writing career (Leeming, 1994). Inequality and hatred for his race and sexuality drove Baldwin to seek a more forgiving community and he moved to France, a move that would

Portfolio Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Portfolio - Term Paper Example In our mentor class, we did a number of readings which contributed to my progress as well as my knowledge of people (human beings) and emotions. The first reading that we did was that of â€Å"Human Is† by Dick Phillip. The theme behind this reading was that of kindness in human beings. One character by the name of Lester intrigued me because of his human nature and character. He was a very mean person since he preferred his career and dreams other than his wife and family. However, he turned out to be a changed person who was kind to his wife and people around him. What I liked about this reading was that I experienced the same kindness when I went to school in the US. My classmates did understand me and where I was coming from and they helped me to achieve my improved reading and writing skills. The other reading that I liked was that of Calvino, â€Å"Love Far from Home†. I connected with it since it spoke a lot about love for family when away from them. This was the same feeling that I felt when I left my family to study in the US. The third reading that intrigued me was that of Pilz (2005). The reason why I loved this reading was that it gave me comfort that the experiences and loneliness that I was having were common among international students in the US. So this made me feel like I was not alone and better days were to come for me. The fourth and fifth readings were those of Berry (1996) and Berry (2009) respectively. Both readings gave me an insight into agriculture, culture and nature in the US. For example, Berry (1996) talked about the importance of ensuring that the environment that we live in is in accordance with nature. This made me look at the US in this manner – a lot of the foods are processed and that is actually the American culture. Back at home, there are less processed foods as a lot of people do traditional farming. In addition, Berry (2009) gave an emphasis that agricultural activities should â€Å"emulate nature†. He

Leadership style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership style - Essay Example From the course readings, it was established that transformational leaders are vision developers. They develop vision because they identify a problem and want to fix it. Transformational leaders want to fix the problem because they are concerned about the people and concerned for the task they have been chosen to perform. After developing the vision, which becomes the main target of his leadership, a transformational leader finds means to sell the vision to his followers. Though not charismatic, a transformational leader is on the heart of the people because the people know he is concerned about him. For this reason, selling the vision is never too difficult for the transformational leader. The followers are more easily to buy into the vision and help achieve them. Again, transformational leaders are trusted by their followers to be knowledge budded and vision oriented. For this reason, they are always excellent when it comes to leading the way to achieving the vision. It is for this reason that the Changing Minds Organization states that â€Å"some Transformational Leaders know the way, and simply want others to follow them.† Finally, because the transformational leader cares about change, his followers will be sure to depend on him to better their lives. For this reason, a transformational leader must learn to â€Å"make continued efforts to motivate and rally their followers, constantly doing the rounds, listening, soothing and enthusing† (Changing Minds Organization, 2011). This way, transformational leaders are always sure to pull the crowd behind them though charismatic leaders are commonly associated with crowd

Marketing Audit on a 1 shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Audit on a 1 shop - Essay Example According to the figures released earlier this year, Poundland reported an 81.5% increase in profits from the previous year. Poundworld posted record profits of ?5.4m in on sales of ?133m. Buying from these pound points provides incredible value for money to the consumers, and with budgets stretched, it makes pound shops very preferable for them. The low prices are made possible due to low costs incurred in their model, by these shops. A conscious effort to keep a check on costs is made, in terms of overhead expenses and direct costs. Pound shops are able to save large chunk of money by buying in bulk quantities. They don’t shelve varieties for their products, but usually stack on products from one or two manufacturers for each category. This allows them a lot of bargaining power with the suppliers. Since they only have to stock few varieties for each product category, they can always switch to those suppliers that offer the lowest rates. Even renowned brands have supplied the ir products to pound shops, recently. Pound shops’ model is based on keeping prices at the low price points, ensuring there’s price consistency across the shop, and which continues overtime. This creates greater certainty for the customers, who confidently return to the shop, knowing they would be able to shop without draining on their low budgets. For the administration too, it’s a relief, since they don’t have to spend time and hire resources, to calculate prices for each product item. All product items can be arranged anywhere in the shop, and rearranged to change the display, without worrying about changing tags, or shelves. Pound shops also don’t undergo price inflation. This certainty gives them a rare advantage over other consumer retail and other avenues of consumers’ pounds, where inflation can be a huge drain on consumers’ already limited incomes. Pound shops try to absorb inflation by negotiating harder with suppliers so th ey continue getting products at same level of prices. Alternatively, they might switch to another supplier, which, however, could be offering products which are inferior to those previously offered. However, at times, pound shops have been known to counter inflation by other means too. Instead of increasing prices, they have reduced the quantity of product offered. 99p Stores, for instance, were selling 200g Toblerones but later the chocolate bars were only 170g in weight. In general, however, the zero-price inflation, price consistency, and of course low prices, ensure a large customer base for pound shops. In times of recession and low economic growth, when wages don’t increase by much, if at all, low wage earners find pound shops extremely valuable. When unemployment is relatively high, more people are living off benefits. Middle and upper classes too feel compelled to look for value in their shopping, and then there are students and other such groups of consumers who are very conscious about their spending. With their unique business model, pound shops are able to reach out to, and cater to, a larger customer base than other retailers. Pound shops also employ an effective tool in their marketing mixes- that of psychological pricing, in pricing. 99c is a successful price point chain in UK, and others also use the psychological pricing effectively, to give the consumer the perception of greater value for money. In terms

Smart Car Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Smart Car Case Study - Essay Example The most attractive feature of this car is that it effectively combines driver comfort, safety, and customer choice. The supply chain feature of the Smart Car also becomes the key factor in its market acceptance for it deviates from the conventional practices of manufacture and distribution. This paper will explore the innovative and strategic features of Smart Cars’ supply chain. I Smart Concept and Logistics at MCC The conventional volume car manufacture raised severe supply chain issues which adversely affected the brand reputation of car industries. To illustrate, in olden days, car manufacturers did not given much emphasis on customer preferences but developed car models according to their concepts. Evidently the car models did not match with customers’ actual interests. According to traditional market ideologies, supplier was the king of market who used to govern market trends. Even in modern time, car manufacturers and suppliers exceedingly emphasize on their eng ineering elegance rather than customer requirements. At this juncture, the MCC Management initiates a ‘customer oriented production concept’ that would enable customers to suggest how they want their products to be configured. The MCC management gives customers the opportunity to specify their car preference. For instance, they can combine two colors of the frame with various colors of the body panels. This way, the company can create an impression of a high level choice even though the product variation choices are kept to minimum. Since the company designs its products according to customers’ choice, to a large extent it can avoid risk elements associated with market demand. Similarly, in traditional car industry, manufacturers did not have a clear picture regarding the time required for the completion of a car manufacturing process (lead-time). In other words, they took comparatively long time to fix lead-time for cars. It was one of the major difficulties in car industries’ supply chain. Suppliers and dealers faced many challenges in the market because of this inaccuracy in production management, and it led to gradual decline in market demand. This paucity of lead-time awareness affected supply process; and it considerably decreased the profitability of both the manufacturers and suppliers. The MCC management recently developed certain strategies that can assist the organization to count lead-time for cars in two weeks. This provision would increase the effectiveness of Smart Cars’ supply chain once it enables the suppliers and other supply chain personnel to involve in production process. According to the Smart Car concept, the MCC management has maintained provisions for the suppliers to co-invest in the production location as well as to take a greater share in final assembling process. This provision would ensure the active supplier participation in the production process also. As a result, MCC can minimize different co nflicts in the supply chain and thereby carry out business activities smoothly. Traditional car manufactures did not maintain such practices and it reduced the inter-relation between manufacturers and suppliers. In addition, it is observed that the value added during final assembly in MCC is just ten percent of the production cost price. This practice would indirectly benefit the suppliers and customers since the low level value addition during the final assembly assists the company

Marketing Audit on a 1 shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Audit on a 1 shop - Essay Example According to the figures released earlier this year, Poundland reported an 81.5% increase in profits from the previous year. Poundworld posted record profits of ?5.4m in on sales of ?133m. Buying from these pound points provides incredible value for money to the consumers, and with budgets stretched, it makes pound shops very preferable for them. The low prices are made possible due to low costs incurred in their model, by these shops. A conscious effort to keep a check on costs is made, in terms of overhead expenses and direct costs. Pound shops are able to save large chunk of money by buying in bulk quantities. They don’t shelve varieties for their products, but usually stack on products from one or two manufacturers for each category. This allows them a lot of bargaining power with the suppliers. Since they only have to stock few varieties for each product category, they can always switch to those suppliers that offer the lowest rates. Even renowned brands have supplied the ir products to pound shops, recently. Pound shops’ model is based on keeping prices at the low price points, ensuring there’s price consistency across the shop, and which continues overtime. This creates greater certainty for the customers, who confidently return to the shop, knowing they would be able to shop without draining on their low budgets. For the administration too, it’s a relief, since they don’t have to spend time and hire resources, to calculate prices for each product item. All product items can be arranged anywhere in the shop, and rearranged to change the display, without worrying about changing tags, or shelves. Pound shops also don’t undergo price inflation. This certainty gives them a rare advantage over other consumer retail and other avenues of consumers’ pounds, where inflation can be a huge drain on consumers’ already limited incomes. Pound shops try to absorb inflation by negotiating harder with suppliers so th ey continue getting products at same level of prices. Alternatively, they might switch to another supplier, which, however, could be offering products which are inferior to those previously offered. However, at times, pound shops have been known to counter inflation by other means too. Instead of increasing prices, they have reduced the quantity of product offered. 99p Stores, for instance, were selling 200g Toblerones but later the chocolate bars were only 170g in weight. In general, however, the zero-price inflation, price consistency, and of course low prices, ensure a large customer base for pound shops. In times of recession and low economic growth, when wages don’t increase by much, if at all, low wage earners find pound shops extremely valuable. When unemployment is relatively high, more people are living off benefits. Middle and upper classes too feel compelled to look for value in their shopping, and then there are students and other such groups of consumers who are very conscious about their spending. With their unique business model, pound shops are able to reach out to, and cater to, a larger customer base than other retailers. Pound shops also employ an effective tool in their marketing mixes- that of psychological pricing, in pricing. 99c is a successful price point chain in UK, and others also use the psychological pricing effectively, to give the consumer the perception of greater value for money. In terms

American Inervention Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Inervention Policy - Term Paper Example Throughout the twentieth centuries, most of the colonized countries gained their independence from the European nations, making rendering this traditional and overt kind of imperialism a much-hated memory of past exploitation. There are some who argue that in the absence of this controlling power of these Western European colonizing forces, the United States of America has now stepped in as a new kind of imperial player in world politics. In a recent book which provocatively calls the United States a â€Å"Rogue State† a great many incidents are mentioned which show the extent to which American governments have gone to ensure that American interests are actively promoted across the globe. A list of morally and legally dubious strategies is given, including deliberate assassinations of foreign leaders, regime changes, military strikes, and economic measures designed to cripple whole countries and regions which for whatever reason oppose American plans for the world. The author, American journalist and researcher William Blum, cites 40 incidences of assassination, for example, which are recognized as having been carried out by American forces and mentions evidence that convicted murderers were even recruited for this task: â€Å"The training of the carefully-selected recruits ranged from dehumanization of the enemy to acclimating them emotionally through special films showing people being killed and injured in violent ways† (Blum, 2000, p. 40). In its methods, then, it is clear that the United States has had occasion to use at least some of the hated tactics of colonial rule. The invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq bear some resemblance to imperialist interventions because they involve the explicit movement of troops and some administrative personnel to these foreign lands in order to effect political changes. There is no immediate danger of attack from either of these two countries on American soil, though the possibility of single terrorist acts fro m smaller groups which may well shelter in these countries is always present, as was seen to terrible effect in the 9/11 atrocities.  

Waste Water Management Essay Example for Free

Waste Water Management Essay 1.0 Introduction The working title of the study is initially drafted as: Investigatory Project about Improper Waste Management. In particular, the research will focus on how understanding the nature and dynamics of waste management could effectively lead to effective waste management. The paper discusses in detail the research proposal of the topic. Waste management is the polite term for garbage management, a system of handling the amount of garbage generated by human. In this research proposal, the background and problem of the study are presented; the objectives of the study are formulated. Here, vital concepts, questions and assumptions are stated. Finally, the methodology to be used is discussed. 2.0 Background of the Study Waste management refers to the collection, transportation, processing, recycling and disposal of waste materials. These waste materials are solid, liquid, gaseous and even radioactive substances. Managing these human-generated wastes requires reducing their effect on health and the environment as well as recovering resources from it. There are existing waste management methods that include disposal methods, recycling methods and avoidance and reduction methods. Despite the fact that waste handling and transport varies from region-to-region, country-to-country, there are waste management concepts that are universally accepted and implemented. These are the waste hierarchy or the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle), the extended producer responsibility (EPR) and the polluter pays principle. Consolidating the matter directed on the implementation of a solid waste management program in every region in every country. Waste management programs, in particular, are designed to better manage solid wastes for the purpose of protecting Improper waste management is a serious problem in the Philippines, causing much of the flood that is taking away the lives of many, for instance. Such a massive waste management problem in the Philippines reflects two things: first is the question on the effectiveness of waste management programs implemented by the government and second is the social responsibility of the Filipinos themselves. The study intends to investigate improper waste management as committed by the Filipino people. 3.0 Statement of the Problem Whether there are environmental education program that aids in advocating effective waste management is not known hence this study. At the grassroots level, where there is direct contact with the Filipino people, whether people understood the aims of waste management programs is also not known. It is not known how the Philippine government makes the people aware and if they act on their learnings about waste management. The key problem that will be addressed in this study is to understand the extent of improper waste management in the Philippines. The following research questions will be given answer to in the course of the study. 1) What are the waste management programs that are inexistence and implemented in India? Are these programs enough or is there a need to improve these programs? 2) Are the people aware of these waste management programs? When they are aware, are they applying the teachings of these programs? 3) Why people are committing waste management improperly? Are there strategies that could address improper waste management at the grassroots level? 4.0 Research Methodology The research strategy that the study will utilize is the descriptive method. A descriptive research intends to present facts concerning the nature and status of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study and to describe present conditions, events or systems based on the impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research (Creswell, 1994). It is also concerned with relationships and practices that exist, beliefs and processes that are ongoing, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing (Best, 1970). This research is also cross-sectional because of limited time. This research is a study of a particular phenomenon (or phenomena) at a particular time. (Saunders et al, 2003) Accordingly, cross-sectional studies often employ the survey strategy. In this study, primary and secondary research will be both incorporated. The reason for this is to be able to provide adequate discussion for the readers that will help them understand more about the issue and the different variables that involve with it. The primary data for the study will be represented by the survey results that will be acquired from the respondents. On the other hand, the literature reviews to be presented in the second chapter of the study will represent the secondary data of the study. The secondary sources of data will come from published articles from medical books and journals and theses and related studies. The survey method, also known as the questionnaire method, will be used in gathering the data for this study. Surveys are the most common form of research method for collection of primary data. The descriptive survey of the population is valuable in understanding the audience, and in the definition of the existence and magnitude of the problems, and the survey data are also helpful in determining cause and effect relationships between variables. Five hundred Filipinos will be surveyed regarding the waste management processes that they involved themselves into.